Machine Intelligence and Robotics: Report of the NASA Study Group : Final Report |
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Page 6
... represent that said estate consists of per- sonal property and that the principal item of value is an automobile of the value of approximately Seven Hundred Fifty Dollars ( $ 750.00 ) . I further represent that the hearing on claims has ...
... represent that said estate consists of per- sonal property and that the principal item of value is an automobile of the value of approximately Seven Hundred Fifty Dollars ( $ 750.00 ) . I further represent that the hearing on claims has ...
Page 10
... represented by th gold certificates held by these banks and the Gold Settlement and Gold Redemption funds held in the Treasury for the accour of the banks . The " other " gold reserves represent additional gold held by the Treasury on ...
... represented by th gold certificates held by these banks and the Gold Settlement and Gold Redemption funds held in the Treasury for the accour of the banks . The " other " gold reserves represent additional gold held by the Treasury on ...
Page 1
... represent Millions of Pounds Sterling. 1800 1820 £ 341 GROWTH OF THE WORLD'S TRADE SINCE 1800 1830 £ 407 1840 £ 573 1850 £ 832 1860 £ 1489 1870 £ 2191 1880 £ 3033 1890 £ 3450 1900 £ 4420 £ 7500 PROPORTION OF THE WORLD'S TRADE HELD BY ...
... represent Millions of Pounds Sterling. 1800 1820 £ 341 GROWTH OF THE WORLD'S TRADE SINCE 1800 1830 £ 407 1840 £ 573 1850 £ 832 1860 £ 1489 1870 £ 2191 1880 £ 3033 1890 £ 3450 1900 £ 4420 £ 7500 PROPORTION OF THE WORLD'S TRADE HELD BY ...
Page 1966
... represent identities that are considered. In addition to providing a concise history of the satirical depiction of black subjects, Mason emphasises the challenges involved in representation and the difficult issue of who is able to ...
... represent identities that are considered. In addition to providing a concise history of the satirical depiction of black subjects, Mason emphasises the challenges involved in representation and the difficult issue of who is able to ...
Page
... represent and disseminate research. Given the lack of emphasis in some students' degrees on publication, I write this book for graduate students, untenured professors, and professors venturing into qualitative research for the first ...
... represent and disseminate research. Given the lack of emphasis in some students' degrees on publication, I write this book for graduate students, untenured professors, and professors venturing into qualitative research for the first ...
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Common terms and phrases
algorithms Allen Newell analysis applications areas Artificial Intelligence automated base basic behavior capabilities centers chess complex computer science computer systems concept Conf construction cost data management DENDRAL devices discussion domain elements engineering environment example existing experience exploration Feigenbaum Figure functions GAME goal hardware heuristic programming heuristic search human hypotheses ill-structured problems inference information processing input intelligence and robotics interaction knowledge logic machine intelligence Man-Machine Systems manipulators Marvin Minsky mathematical mechanisms memory ment methods Minsky mission operations MYCIN NASA NASA's Natural Language Newell Papers 3d Intl pattern recognition performance planetary planning problem solving problem space problem statement Proc procedure processor Project Project MAC PSYC psychology representation rover rules sensors sequence Simon simplex method solution solver spacecraft Stanford Research Institute Stanford Univ structure Study Group subproblems symbolic task Tech techniques TEIRESIAS teleoperator theory tion
Popular passages
Page 442 - Generally speaking, a successful division will reduce the search time not by a mere fraction, but by a. fractional exponent. In a graph with 10 branches descending from each node, a 20-step search might involve 1020 trials, which is out of the question, while the insertion of just four lemmas or sequential subgoals might reduce the search to only 5 X 104 trials, which is within reason for machine exploration. Thus, it will be worth a relatively enormous effort to find such islands in the solution...
Page 447 - Samuel (19606) has taken a strong position against the idea of machines thinking. His argument, based on the fact that reliable computers do only that which they are instructed to do, has a basic flaw; it does not follow that the programmer therefore has full knowledge (and therefore full responsibility and credit for) what will ensue. For certainly the programmer may set up an evolutionary system whose limitations are for him unclear and possibly incomprehensible.
Page 406 - I believe that it is; that we are on the threshold of an era that will be strongly influenced, and quite possibly dominated, by intelligent problem-solving machines. But our purpose is not to guess about what the future may bring; it is only to try to describe and explain what seem now to be our first steps toward the construction of "artificial intelligence.
Page 432 - It is extremely doubtful whether there is enough information in "win lose, or draw" when referred to the whole play of the game to permit any learning at all over available time scales.... For learning to take place, each play of the game must yield much more information. This is... achieved by breaking the problem into components. The unit of success is the goal. If a goal is achieved, its subgoals are reinforced; if not they are inhibited. (Actually, what is reinforced is the transformation rule...
Page 433 - In changing just one instruction at a time the machine had not taken large enough steps in its search through program space. The second paper goes on to discuss a sequence of modifications in the program generator and its reinforcement operators. With these, and with some "priming" (starting the machine off on the right track with some useful instructions), the system came to be only a little worse than chance. Friedberg et al. (1959) conclude that with these improvements "the generally superior...
Page 339 - Robotics The problem of controlling the physical actions of a mobile robot might not seem to require much intelligence. Even small children are able to navigate successfully through their environment and to manipulate items, such as light switches, toy blocks, eating utensils, etc. However these same tasks, performed almost unconsciously by humans, when performed by a machine require many of the same abilities used in solving more intellectually demanding problems. Research on robots or robotics...
Page 443 - C,, be the name of that method (or a list of such methods). If there is no such method the corresponding entry is null. Now suppose that there is no entry for...
Page 435 - The solution, by machine, of really complex problems will require a variety of administration facilities. During the course of solving a problem, one becomes involved with a large assembly of interrelated subproblems. From these, at each stage, a very few must be chosen for investigation. This decision must be based on 1) estimates of relative difficulties and 2) estimates of centrality of the different candidates for attention. Following subproblem selection (for which several heuristic methods...
Page 406 - Introduction A visitor to our planet might be puzzled about the role of computers in our technology. On the one hand, he would read and hear all about wonderful "mechanical brains" baffling their creators with prodigious intellectual performance. And he (or it) would be warned that these machines must be restrained, lest they overwhelm us by might, persuasion, or even by the revelation of truths too terrible to be borne. On the other hand, our visitor would find the machines being denounced, on all...
Page 418 - A,A,C, which can have more than two values. and the sequences are therefore [by definition] not significant. Let it discard these and pick some others. Sooner or later, however, some sequences will prove significant; that is, their distribution functions will peak up somewhere. What the machine does now is to build up new sequences like the significant ones. This is the important point. If it merely chose sequences at random it might take a very long while indeed to find the best sequences. But with...