Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy, and ComputationAlison Gopnik, Laura Schulz Understanding causal structure is a central task of human cognition. Causal learning underpins the development of our concepts and categories, our intuitive theories, and our capacities for planning, imagination and inference. During the last few years, there has been an interdisciplinary revolution in our understanding of learning and reasoning: Researchers in philosophy, psychology, and computation have discovered new mechanisms for learning the causal structure of the world. This new work provides a rigorous, formal basis for theory theories of concepts and cognitive development, and moreover, the causal learning mechanisms it has uncovered go dramatically beyond the traditional mechanisms of both nativist theories, such as modularity theories, and empiricist ones, such as association or connectionism. |
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Page 9
... evidence suggests that even babies appropriately distinguish psychological and physical causality. Specifically, infants seem to interpret human, but not mechanical, action as goal directed and self-initiated (Meltzoff, 1995; A. L. ...
... evidence suggests that even babies appropriately distinguish psychological and physical causality. Specifically, infants seem to interpret human, but not mechanical, action as goal directed and self-initiated (Meltzoff, 1995; A. L. ...
Page 13
... evidence. So, if the two actually were conjoined, . . . As ever, Brook P.S. Oh and, by the way, there seems to be a defect in your word-processing program. In several places where a full stop is clearly intended, it seems to transmit a ...
... evidence. So, if the two actually were conjoined, . . . As ever, Brook P.S. Oh and, by the way, there seems to be a defect in your word-processing program. In several places where a full stop is clearly intended, it seems to transmit a ...
Page 14
... Evidence from everyday conversation . Developmental Psychology , 37 , 668–684 . Kalish , C. ( 1996 ) . Causes and symptoms in preschoolers ' conceptions of illness . Child Development , 67 , 1647–1670 . Kant , I. ( 1899 ) . Critique of ...
... Evidence from everyday conversation . Developmental Psychology , 37 , 668–684 . Kalish , C. ( 1996 ) . Causes and symptoms in preschoolers ' conceptions of illness . Child Development , 67 , 1647–1670 . Kant , I. ( 1899 ) . Critique of ...
Page 22
... evidence that smoking causes lung cancer, this commits one to certain claims about what would happen if certain experimental manipu- lations of smoking were to be performed. Finally, a brief remark about an issue that will prob- ably be ...
... evidence that smoking causes lung cancer, this commits one to certain claims about what would happen if certain experimental manipu- lations of smoking were to be performed. Finally, a brief remark about an issue that will prob- ably be ...
Page 23
... evidence for dis- criminating between competing causal structures. Indeed, as I explain (Woodward, 2003, p. 339ff.), we may think of CM as a condition that connects claims about what happens under interventions to claims about ...
... evidence for dis- criminating between competing causal structures. Indeed, as I explain (Woodward, 2003, p. 339ff.), we may think of CM as a condition that connects claims about what happens under interventions to claims about ...
Other editions - View all
Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy, and Computation Alison Gopnik,Laura Schulz Limited preview - 2007 |
Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy, and Computation Alison Gopnik,Laura Schulz Limited preview - 2007 |
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actions adults algorithms Bayesian inference Bayesian networks behavior beliefs birth control pills blicket detector Cambridge causal Bayes nets causal inference causal knowledge causal learning causal Markov condition causal model causal networks causal power causal reasoning causal relations causal relationships causal strength causal structure causal system chapter Cognitive Science common cause computational condition conditional independence conditional probabilities correlation counterfactuals covariation cues deterministic Development Developmental Developmental Psychology domain effect evidence example experiments explanations Figure framework Fuel Intake Glymour Gopnik graph schema graphical models Griffiths Hagmayer human independent infants intervention interventionist intuitive theories Journal of Experimental Lagnado Laplace learners manipulated Markov Markov random field mechanism Meltzoff object observed outcome participants Piston predictions prior probabilistic probabilistic graphical models probability distribution psychological question Reichenbach represent representation Schulz Sloman Sobel specific statistical stickball Tenenbaum thrombosis tion trials underlying understanding unobserved cause variables Waldmann Wellman Woodward