Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy, and ComputationAlison Gopnik, Laura Schulz Understanding causal structure is a central task of human cognition. Causal learning underpins the development of our concepts and categories, our intuitive theories, and our capacities for planning, imagination and inference. During the last few years, there has been an interdisciplinary revolution in our understanding of learning and reasoning: Researchers in philosophy, psychology, and computation have discovered new mechanisms for learning the causal structure of the world. This new work provides a rigorous, formal basis for theory theories of concepts and cognitive development, and moreover, the causal learning mechanisms it has uncovered go dramatically beyond the traditional mechanisms of both nativist theories, such as modularity theories, and empiricist ones, such as association or connectionism. |
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Page 22
... behaviors carried out by animals do satisfy the conditions for an intervention. Moreover, I also think that it is a ... behavior, and judgments are guided by principles like TC. The connection between interventions and human (and animal) ...
... behaviors carried out by animals do satisfy the conditions for an intervention. Moreover, I also think that it is a ... behavior, and judgments are guided by principles like TC. The connection between interventions and human (and animal) ...
Page 26
... behavior is often plausibly regarded as at least a prima facie problem for a normative theory—a problem that the normative theory needs to address rather than ignore. In the spirit of these remarks, I explore, in the remainder of this ...
... behavior is often plausibly regarded as at least a prima facie problem for a normative theory—a problem that the normative theory needs to address rather than ignore. In the spirit of these remarks, I explore, in the remainder of this ...
Page 27
... behavior and human causal judgment are subject to a discounting or signaling effect in which the usual reaction of nonresponse to a noncontingent reward schedule does not occur when rewards that are not paired with the instrumental ...
... behavior and human causal judgment are subject to a discounting or signaling effect in which the usual reaction of nonresponse to a noncontingent reward schedule does not occur when rewards that are not paired with the instrumental ...
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... behavior that is not present when they act involuntarily.12 This is not surprising: Presumably, it is important for humans and other animals to have some way of distinguishing those cases in which a change occurs in their environments ...
... behavior that is not present when they act involuntarily.12 This is not surprising: Presumably, it is important for humans and other animals to have some way of distinguishing those cases in which a change occurs in their environments ...
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Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy, and Computation Alison Gopnik,Laura Schulz Limited preview - 2007 |
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actions adults algorithms Bayesian inference Bayesian networks behavior beliefs birth control pills blicket detector Cambridge causal Bayes nets causal chain causal inference causal knowledge causal learning causal Markov condition causal model causal networks causal power causal reasoning causal relations causal relationships causal strength causal structure causal system chapter Cognitive Science common cause computational condition conditional independence conditional probabilities correlation counterfactuals covariation cues deterministic Development Developmental Psychology domain effect evidence example experiments explanations Figure framework Fuel Intake Glymour Gopnik graph schema graphical models Hagmayer human independent infants intervention interventionist intuitive theories Lagnado Laplace learners manipulated Markov Markov random field mechanism Meltzoff object observed outcome participants people’s Piston predictions prior probabilistic probabilistic graphical models probability distribution psychological question Reichenbach represent representation Schulz Sloman Sobel specific statistical stickball Tenenbaum thrombosis tion trials underlying understanding unobserved cause variables Waldmann Wellman Woodward