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Rhode Island, settlement of fugitives from
Massachusetts on, 164; religious tolera-
tion in, 170; 796; obtains Parliamentary
charter during the Civil War, 258;
charter from Charles II (1663), 258;
illicit trade of, 259; confiscation of
charter (1687), 260; 261; restoration of
charter by William III, 262; 288;
customs officials in, 291, 292, 385, 666;
596; manufacture of rum in, 597; 628;
the Gaspée affair, 671-2; 724 seqq.; 740;
evacuated by Clinton, 747; 748; litera-
ture and social life, 784, 806, 809, 812
Rhodesia, 16

Ribault, Jean, Huguenot captain, founds
French colony in South Carolina, 55
Rice, direct trade in, between colonies and
Europe forbidden (1705), 274; restric-
tions gradually removed, 274, 572; chief
product of South Carolina, 394; 589;
593; 644

Rich, Robert, Lord, 1st Earl of Warwick,
interest of, in semi-piratical ventures,
138; 140; 141

Rich, Sir Nathaniel, interested in the
Providence Company, 166

Rich, Sir Robert, 2nd Earl of Warwick,
backs Raleigh in his Guiana expedition,
138; member of the Council of New
England, 147, 153; and the Providence
charter, 164; promoter of the Providence
Company, 166; buys up Lord Pem-
broke's West Indian claims, 174; in-
fluence of, on Cromwell's colonial policy,
176; appointed Governor-in-Chief and
Lord High Admiral of all the English
colonies in America, 179: president of
commission appointed by Parliament in
1643, to take charge of the colonies and
their trade, 214, 606; 225; bears leading
part in organising expedition to recover
Barbados, 226

Richelieu, Cardinal, stations part of French
fleet at Toulon, 115; revives French Navy,
132; and the Treaties of Susa and St
Germain-en-Laye, 155; Colbert's ad-
miration for, 307

Richmond, Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of,
762-3; 765; 767; 769

Right of Search, claimed in time of King
John, 118; under Elizabeth, 118;
557 seqq.; and the Armed Neutrality,
716

Rio de la Hacha, port on Spanish Main,
John Hawkins sells negroes at, 49; 98
Rio Grande, 544

Ripperdà, Jan Willem, Spanish minister,
339; responsible for the first Treaty of
Vienna (1725), 365

Roanoke, Virginia, unsuccessful settlement
at, 71, 109; salary of customs collector
at, 293

Robinson, John, minister of the Scrooby
congregation, 156

Robinson, Sir Christopher, and the doc-
trine of the Continuous Voyage, 553
Rochambeau, Count of, French general in
America, 748-9: 751; 754; 758
Rochford, William, 4th Earl of, ambassador
to Spain, 691; 701-4; 706; 765
Rochefort, 476

Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth,
2nd Marquess of, succeeds Grenville, 659;
666; 694; 762; 765 seqq.; 2nd ministry
of, 769 seqq.; death of, 775
Rodney, George, Lord, Admiral, 9; his
attack on Havre, 481; 534; and Martin-
ique, 690; his victory off Cape St Vincent,
715, 746; his actions against de Guichen,
748-51, 754; his victory over de Grasse,
758-9, 774

Rodney, H.M.S., pressing of seamen for, in
Boston, 666

Roe, Sir Thomas, makes journey to
Amazon, 91

Roebuck, Dampier's voyage in, to Australia,

517

Rolfe, John, husband of Pocahontas, 113
Rollo, Andrew, Lord, 534

Rooke, Sir George, Admiral, captures
Gibraltar, 520

Rossbach, victory of Frederick the Great at,
477

Roucoux, French victory at, 374
Rous, Sir John, 768

Rousby, collector of customs in Maryland,
murder of, 280, 284

Rowe, Jacob, Professor at William and

Mary College, taken into custody for
contempt by the Virginia Assembly, 427
Royal Caroline, makes the last of the
"annual" voyages to Spanish America,

340, 344

Royal George, second "annual" ship sent to
Spanish America under the Asiento
agreement, 338

Royal George, H.M.S., 528

Royal Prince, first "annual" ship sent to
Spanish America under the Asiento
agreement, 338

Rudyerd, Sir Benjamin, 141; interested in
the Providence Company, 166
Rump Parliament, the, 208
Rupert, Prince, naval campaign of, against
the Commonwealth, 133, 134, 209, 212;
his squadron driven by Blake from
European waters, 218; his attacks on
the Guinea Company's ships, 237, 439;
supporter of Navigation Acts, 271; and
the Hudson's Bay Company, 508-9
Russia, expedition of Willoughby and
Chancellor to, 40; English trade with,
largely lost to the Dutch, 315; acquires
European position under Peter the
Great, 354; relations of, with Government
of George I, 361-2; and the Treaty of
Nystadt, 362; 367; and the Peace of
Belgrade, 369; 371; and the War of the

INDEX

Austrian Succession, 375; 464; 471-2;
import of iron from, 587; 773-4
Rut, John, shipmaster of Royal Navy, sails
at Henry VIII's expense to Labrador
and the Caribbean, 28, 29

Rutland, Henry, 2nd Earl of, tries to save
Calais, 51

Ruyter, Michael de, Admiral, 134; his attack

on Barbados, 242; his victories of 1672-4,
317-18; in West Africa, 441; 557
Ryswick, Peace of, 300; terms of, 321; 409;
517; and contraband, 551

Sacramento, 692

Sagadahoc, abandonment of, 88

Sagres Castle, occupied by Drake, 121
St Augustine, Spanish station at mouth of
the Florida Channel, 77; 86; 395
St Christopher, settlement at (1623), 131,
143; divided between English and
French, 144; Warner Governor and
Carlisle "Lord Proprietor" of, 145;
expulsion by the Spaniards of the
colonists, and their return, 146, 173; 153;
tobacco-growing on, 172; estimated
population of, in 1639, 174; introduction
of the sugar industry to, 210; neutrality
of, during Civil War, 212; under the
Commonwealth, 233; settlement of the
proprietary dispute at the Restoration,
241; conquered by the French (1665),
241, 508; restored at the peace, 242, 314;
separate governorship of Leeward Islands,
244;286; annexation of French settlement
in, by Treaty of Utrecht, 328; 377, 407;
512-14; 519-20; 523; 570; 576; captured
by de Bouillé, 757; restored at the Peace
of Versailles, 781; 819

St Croix, River, boundary of Maine and
Nova Scotia, 777

St Eustatius, 221; proposal of Colbert to
annex, 317; 513; 590; 715; Rodney's
capture of, 750; 754; recovered by de
Bouillé, 757

St Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of (1632),
between England and France, 155
St Helena, occupation of, by the East India
Company, 265; loss and reconquest in
1673, 265

St John, Nicholas, leader of first settlement
on St Lucia, 87

St John, Oliver, Parliamentary envoy to
the Hague, 222

St John, one of the Virgin Islands, 412
St John River (Madawaska), 777

St John, Sir William, promoter of new
Company for African trade, 139

St John's, Fort of (Quebec), 720
St John's, Port of, Newfoundland, fishing
fleets gather at, 60; Gilbert at, 105;
fortification of, 510; 516; 522

St John's River, on the Moskito Coast, 383
St Joseph, Fort, 637

St Kitts, see St. Christopher

923

St Lawrence River, fisheries in hands of
Bretons, 60; 73; 74; 165; and the Peace
of Utrecht, 543; 777

St Louis, Fort, French station in Senegal,
446; 450; 454-6

St Louis, Port, on East Falkland, 698;
handed over to Spain and renamed Port
Soledad, 699

St Lubin, M. de, French adventurer in
India, 713

St Lucia, settlement on, destroyed by
Caribs, 87; French settlers on, attacked by
Lord Willoughby, 186; and international
law, 186; assigned to France by Treaty
of Paris (1763), 186; 377; 466; 496; 501;
given back to France at the Peace of
Paris, 502; 534; capture of, 712; 741-2;
ceded to France (1783), 781

St Martins, Dutch trading port in the West
Indies, 221

St Pierre, island of, 492; 543; 688; captured
by Admiral Montague, 712; ceded to
France (1783), 781

St Vincent, Cape, naval battle of (1759),
see Lagos; Rodney's victory off, 715, 746
St Vincent, in the West Indies, 377; 466;

642; capture of, by d'Estaing, 715, 742;
restored at the Peace of Versailles, 781
Salem, first settlement at, 160; Roger
Williams minister at, 163; customs
officials at, 290; custom house moved
from Boston to, 674.

Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Earl of, fosters sea
trade, 77; pensioner of Spain, 111; and
the Treaty of London, 128

Saltonstall, Sir Samuel, London merchant,
interested in the Plantations, 172

Salute of the flag, 118; Dutch agree to
strike the flag in the Narrow Seas (1654),
135; edict of King John as to, 196; under
the Tudors, 197; insisted upon in the
Channel by James I, 201; and the First
Dutch War, 201, 223, 538-9; 540-3
Samoa, 535

San Domingo, John Rut touches at, 28;
disgrace of Venables and Penn at, 228;
rendezvous for Spanish treasure fleet,
333; 582; 590; 690-1

San Ildefonso, Treaty of, between Spain
and Portugal, 710

San Juan de Ulua, John Hawkins attacked
by Spaniards at, 49; 51; 56; 98
San Lucar, 122; 125

Sandusky, Fort, 637

Sandwich, John Montagu, 4th Earl of,
First Lord of the Admiralty, 735; 739;
744; 768

Sandy Hook, 738-40; 754-5; 763
Sandys, Sir Edwin, on Sir Thomas Dale,
112; promoter of Free Trade Bills, 113;
succeeds Smythe as Treasurer of the
Virginia Company, 140; free fishing bill
of, 148; resists the reform of the Virginia
Company, 150-1; 156; 174

Santa Cruz, Admiral, destroys French fleet
under Strozzi, 63

Santa Cruz in Morocco, visited by Alday, 42
Santa Cruz, island in the West Indies, 173;
Blake destroys Spanish treasure fleet at,
229

Sao Jorge da Mina, Portuguese head-
quarters on African coast, 65
Sarah, the case of the (1731), 298
Saratoga, English post established

at

(1727), 390; surrender of General Bur-
goyne at, 710, 725, 732, 764, 770
Sardinia, seized by Spain (1717), 359;
given to Savoy, 360; and the War of the
Austrian Succession, 373-6; 464

Sartines, Antoine de, French minister of
the Navy, 707

Saunders, Sir Charles, Admiral, at Quebec,
532, 811

Savannah, 368; captured by Campbell,
743; 747; 756

Savoy, politics of, 300, 325, 360

Say, Geoffrey de, commissioned as admiral
by Edward III, 197

Saye and Sele, Lord, active member of the
council of New England, 153; interested
in the Providence Company, 166
Scarborough, fight between Dutch and
Dunkirkers at, 201

Schaw, Miss, on life in North Carolina,
793-4; and the West Indies, 818-19
Schism Act, repeal of, 349
Schohare, valley of, 402
Schwenkfelders, 403

Scotland, 3; 8; 12; 34; 51; 90; 120;
emigration from, to America, 153-5; and
foreign fishermen, 198-200; attempt of
Cromwell to force emigration from, to
the West Indies, 236; emigration from,
to Carolina, 250; the Darien scheme and
reflections upon the Scots, 265-6; Scots
accounted English by common law, 271;
and the Navigation Acts, 279, 284,
286-8; unsuccessful Spanish expedition
to, 361; 608; Scots and the rebellion of
the colonists, 761-2, 765

Scottish Act, of 1693, for the encourage-
ment of foreign trade, 284
Scrooby, in Nottinghamshire, emigration
of Independent congregation from, 156
"Sea Beggars", indulge in privateering, 63;

97

Sea power, 1; 3; 5; 7; 9; 19; 96; under
Elizabeth, 116-19; under James I, 129-
31; technical improvements in shipping,
129-31; and the Commonwealth, 134-5,
213-18; the Navigation Acts of 1650 and
1651, 215-18; battle of La Hogue,
effects of, 285; from 1660 to 1763, 507-37
Sea, sovereignty of the, claims to, at the
beginning of the seventeenth century,
195-204

Searle, Daniel, Parliamentary commissioner,
made Governor of Barbados, 219; 233

Sears, Isaac, on the Stamp Act, 655
Sedgwick, Robert, Major, captures French
ports in Acadia (1654), 231

Selden, John, and the salute of the flag,
201; his Mare Clausum, 203–5
Senecas, Red Indian tribe, 638
Senegal, 73; slave trade in, 438 seqq.;
French capture_Dutch posts in, 446;
rivalry with the French in, 446; capture
of French forts in, 454, 479; the Province
of Senegambia, 454-8; Senegal given
back to the French, 457–8, 781; 704; 713
Senegambia, 443; province of, 454-8
Sestos, River of, English ship sunk by
Portuguese in, 47

Seven Years' War, 9; in West Africa, 453-
4; 460-506; 527-34; 543
Seville, 42; 50; 76; 120; 125; 333
Seville, Treaty of (1729), restoration of
Anglo-Spanish trade promised, 339;
376

Sewall, Samuel, 406; 797-9
Shaftesbury, Antony Cooper, Earl of,
interested in the planting of Carolina, 7;
248; and the Council for Foreign
Plantations, 269; 271; his denunciations
of Rome, 312; 319

Shakespeare, William, references in works
of, to overseas enterprises, 96-7
Sharpe, Horatio, Deputy Governor of
Maryland, 468

Shelburne, William Petty, 2nd Earl of, and
the government of Senegambia, 455;
President of the Board of Trade, 640-1;
650; on the Stamp Act, 661; 662; 663;
666; resignation of, 667; 683; 694-97;
762; 767; 769–70; 772; 774; Ministry of,
775 seqq.; resignation of, 782
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 762; 768–9;
775

Sherlock, Thomas, Bishop of London,
proposal of, for the creation of an
American bishopric, 404

Ship money, 201

Shirley, Thomas, Captain, 457

Shirley, Sir Antony, attacks of, on West
Indies, 126

Shirley, William, Governor of New Eng-
land, 391; 418; 525; 630

Shute, Samuel, Colonel, Governor of
Massachusetts, refused fixed salary by
the Assembly, 388; 389; 417; 798
Sicily, 323; 546

Sidney, Sir Philip, helps to finance one of
Raleigh's expeditions, 71; 108

Sierra Leone, 10; 11; visit of John Hawkins
to, 48; Fenton calls at, 66; 237; English
stations in, 438-9

Silesia, 371; 462; 476

Silva, Don Guzman de, Spanish ambassa-
dor in England, protests against Hawkins's
voyages, 49; charm of, 50
Siraj-ud-daula, Nawab of Bengal, 528
Sisargas Islands, 744-5

INDEX

Six Nations, French and English contend
for influence among, 248; friendly re-
lations of, with the English, 391, 544,
638; legal position of, 545
Skenesborough, 728; 730
Skeritt, Maria, 346

Slavery, 4; 10; 19; John Hawkins and
the slave trade, 47, 48; Gynney Com-
pany's traffic in slaves, 139; 153; and the
introduction of the sugar trade into the
West Indies, 210, 379-80; exportation of
slaves to the West Indies under Common-
wealth, 237; slaving monopoly of African
Company, 243, 336-7; and the popu-
lation of the West Indian and North
American colonies, 267; 305; the Asiento
agreement, 328, 329, 333-45; Jamaica,
centre of slave trade, 334, 338; and the
social system of the West Indies, 380-3,
588; 401; 403; the West African slave
trade, 437-54; growth of trade during
Seven Years' War, 501; 570-1; 597; 791;
808; 813; 819-21

Sloughter, Henry, Colonel, Governor of
New York for William III, 262; 417
Sluys, battle of, 119

Smith, Adam, 1; 9; 12; 13; 19; his estimate
of Colbert, 308; and the export of
capital, 594-5; and the colonies, 649-50,
652

Smith, Captain John, ultimate success of
James Town settlement due to, 80;
autocrat of colony, 81; hunts for whales,
89; exploring work of, 89; author of term
"New England", 89; interest in the con-
version of natives shown in his Generall
Historie of Virginia, 110; 111; 113;
146

Smith, William, provost of Philadelphia
College, and the privileges of the
Assembly, 428

Smythe, Customer, father of Sir Thomas
Smythe, 75

Smythe, Sir Thomas, connected with many

of the Elizabethan overseas enterprises,
75; Governor of Levant and East India
Companies, 76; 77; treasurer of Virginia
Company, 81, 82, 83; Governor of the
Bermuda Company, 85; opposition of,
to a breach with Spain, 140; ousted from
treasurership of Virginia Company, 140;
150; 152

Society for the Promotion of the Explora-
tion of the African interior, founded 1788,
459

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel,
request of, that intoxicating liquors be not
sold to the Red Indians, 391; 404; and
the promotion of Episcopalianism, 648;

801

Soissons, Congress of, 339

Solar, Bailli de, Sardinian minister in
Paris, 495
Solomon Islands, 535

925

Somers, Sir George, second in command to
Sir Thomas Gates, 83; 126

Somers Islands, see Bermudas
Somersett, the case of, slavery declared
illegal in England, 449

Sorel, Arnold driven back on, 725
South African War, 17

South Sea Bubble, 349; 362

Southampton, 23; trade with Guinea and
Brazil, 28; decay of, due to Portuguese,
30; its trade with the Peninsula, 33;
Henry Huttoft native of, 36; anxiety of,
that colonies should be planted in
America, 67

Southampton, Henry, 3rd Earl of, interest
of, in colonisation, 78; finances Roe's
expedition to the Amazon, 91; backs
Raleigh's Guiana expedition, 138; 140;
member of the Council of New England,
147

Southwell, Robert, promoter of Navigation
Laws, 271

Southwold Bay, battle of (1672), 317
Sovereign of the Seas, first English three-
decker, 129

Spain, 1; 2; 8; 9; 22; 25; 29; 30; 39; 41;
English rivalry with, 32, 35, 37; charter
granted to English merchants trading
with, 33; alliance with, against France,
34; 53; 56; disturbed relations with, 58;
convention of Bristol with, 59; 61; 63-9;
Spanish fishermen seized by Bernard
Drake off Newfoundland, 70; war with,
72; makes peace with France at Vervins,
75; Treaty of London with, 76, 128; 77;
78; 88; the Spanish market for fish, and
the peace of 1604, 90; 96; 100; 105;
hostility of English to, under James I,
111; 115; condition of navy of, before
Armada, 117-19; supports Irish mal-
contents, 119; the Armada, 121-2, and
after, 123-5; and peace with the Dutch,
128; decline of, in seventeenth century,
132; war between Commonwealth and,
135; relations of, with England under
James I and Charles I, 138-46; and the
Providence Company's colonies in the
West Indies, 166-7, 172-3; Alexan-
der VI's grant to, 183-4; Treaty of
Tordesillas between Portugal and (1494),
184; founds validity of title to colonial
empire upon prior discovery, 184-5;
treaty of Münster with the Netherlands
(1648), 191; and the rights of aborigines,
192; and the sovereignty of the sea, 199;
Spanish jurists of sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries, 202-5; relations with
the Commonwealth, 225-30; Treaty of
the Pyrenees, 229, 238; 312; treaties of
1667 and 1670 with England, English pos-
sessions in America recognised by Spain,
315:318; and the Treaty of Ryswick, 321;
the Partition Treaties, 322-3; the War of
the Spanish Succession, 324-9; 330-45;

518-23; Anglo-Spanish war of 1718, 339,
546-7; 342-3; 354-58; the war with the
Quadruple Alliance, 359-61, 547; 363-4;
the alliance with Austria, 365-7; the
Treaty of Seville, 339, 367; the Second
Treaty of Vienna, 368; the Family Com-
pact of 1733, 369; Don Carlos becomes
King of Naples and Sicily, 368-9; the
war of Captain Jenkins's Ear, 342-4,
370-1; accession of Ferdinand VI and
the policy of his wife, 374; the Peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle, 376; and the Seven
Years' War, 476, 480-1, 486 seqq.; 507;
524; 534-5; and neutral rights, 549;
policy of, under Charles III, 686 seqq.;
the affair of the Falkland Islands, 698-
703; negotiations with the North Ameri-
can colonists, 709 seqq.; war with Portu-
gal, 710; war with England (1779), 715,
743; and boundaries of United States,
770-1; peace negotiations, 772 seqq.
Spanish Empire, 4; 31; English trade with,
forbidden, 48; 67; 68; attacks of Drake
and Grenville on, 73; English demand
freedom of trade with, 76, 542; tobacco
imported from Spanish Indies, 84;
Drake's attacks on, 99-102; 111; 115;
126; trade with, and the Treaty of
London, 128; annexation of Jamaica by
Cromwell, 135, 229; Inter caetera and the
Treaty of Tordesillas, 183-4; successive
British attacks on, 225; Cromwell's
attack on Spanish Main, 228-9; 305;
and the Partition Treaties, 322-3;
English trade with, 330-5; the Asiento
agreement with England and the "annual
ship", 336-45; South Sea Company's
factors in Spanish American ports, 338;
the obstacles put in the way of trade by
local officials, 340; 685; revolts in, 688;
Spanish claims to monopoly, 695
Spanish Succession, War of, 8; 9; 325-9;
518-23; 621-3

Spencer, C., and Captain Cook, 536
Spenser, William, 108

Spert, Thomas, voyage of, fails (1516), 28
Spes, Gueran de, succeeds de Silva as
Spanish ambassador, 49; protests against
English retention of Spanish treasure, 50
Spice trade, 26; 30; 32; 562

Spotswood, Alexander, urges contributory

organised defence upon the colonists,
390; Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia,
393; and the manufacture of iron in
Virginia, 394; 418; 635
Spotsylvania County, Virginia, 394
Squirrel, pinnace used by Gilbert, 106
Stamp Act, 299; 600; 631; Grenville's
introduction of, 644-5; 653 seqq.; repeal
of, 661; 693; 705

Stanislaus, exiled King of Poland, Louis XV
marries daughter of, 366
Stanley, Hans, British envoy at Paris, 461;
490; 493; 495; 501

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Steuben, German officer with Washington,
738

Stewart, Rear-Admiral, 559

Stillwater, Burgoyne at, 73!
"Stockholm Tar Company", 574
Stono Ferry, 743
Stony Point, 746

Stormont, Viscount, see Mansfield, 2nd
Earl of

Story, American jurist, dissents from
Blackstone, 194

Stowell, William Scott, Lord, 551; 553
Strachey, Henry, British envoy to Paris, 777
Strickland, Walter, Parliamentary envoy
to the Hague, 222

Strong, John, Captain, at the Falkland
Islands, 698

Strozzi, Philip, defeated by Admiral Santa
Cruz, 63

Stuart, John, superintendent of Indian
affairs, 636

Stukeley, Thomas, promoter of colonisa-
tion, 54; betrays plans to Spaniards, 55;
piracy of, 55, 56; speculates in Irish
land, 57

Suarez, Francis, on the need for inter-
national law, 205
Sudan, 16-17

Suffren, de Saint Tropez, Pierre André de,
French admiral, 751; 756

Sugar, 10; 11; 19; 34; English ships bring,
from Canaries, 33; important item in
Barbary trade, 42; introduction of sugar
industry to the West Indies, 182, 210;
industry in West Indies, financed by
Dutch capitalists during Civil War, 210;
and the introduction of slave labour to
the West Indies, 210, 380; thriving
industry developed at Surinam, 231;
makes for big estates, 241, 379-82; and
the Navigation Acts, 273, 277-80; decline
in trade in the eighteenth century, 379;
Molasses Act, 381, 585-6; 567; 579-86;
593: 653; 660; French competition in
the West Indies, 690; 813

Sullivan, American general, 734; 739-40
Sulu, island in the Philippines, 704
Sumter, Thomas, American general, 748
Superior, Lake, 546

Surat, capture of, 485

Surinam, colony founded from Barbados by
Lord Willoughby (1651), 231; Richard
Holdip appointed Governor by Parlia-
ment, 231; sugar industry in, 231;
surrenders to the Dutch in 1667, 242;

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