Newport, on Narragansett Bay, settlement
of fugitives from Massachusetts at, 164;
396; 596; 718; 740; 748-9; 751-2
Newport, Sir Charles, commands expedi-
tion to Virginia, 80

New York, city of, 599; congress of dele-
gates in, condemns the Stamp Act, 656;
capture of, by Howe, 722-3; 724 seqq.;
Clinton at, 739; 748; Rodney at, 749;
751 seqq.

New York, colony of, 247; formerly part of
the Dutch New Netherlands, captured in
1664, 251-2, 508; government of, under
James, Duke of York, 253; the Revolu-
tion of 1689 in, 261; 508; the governor-
ship of Sloughter and the execution of
Leisler, 262; 267; vice-admiralty courts
in, 295, 298; disputes between governor
and Assembly of, 386-9; 390-2; the
Zenger case, 399-400; German emigra-
tion to, 401-2, 575; Government of
1660-1753, 405, 410, 416, 421, 425, 427,
429, 431, 433, 435; 510-11; 515;,525;
596; currency in, 598; 639; and the
Stamp Act, 655 seqq.; resistance of, to
the Mutiny Act, 662; suspension of the
Assembly, 664; 680; joins the rebellion,
681; and the Declaration of Independ-
ence, 681; 719; loyalists in, 763; litera-
ture and social life of, 784 seqq., 805-6, 809
New York Weekly Journal, published by
Peter Zenger, 399

New Zealand, 234; Captain Cook at, 536
Niagara, seized by the French in 1720, 363;

Burnet's scheme for occupying, 390; 470;
capture of, 483, 485; 637-8
Nicaragua, 166

Nicholas V, Pope, African grant of, to
Portugal, 183

Nicholson, Sir Francis, Governor of New
York for James II, rising against, 261;
recommends the erection of vice-ad-
miralty courts in the colonies, 287;
Governor of South Carolina, 386, 393,
395, 418; 798

Nicolls, Richard, Colonel, takes New
Amsterdam, 252; promoter of Navigation
Acts, 271

Nieuport, 122

Niger, River, 43; eighteenth century
theories as to the source of, 453
Nigeria, 17

Nippissim, Lake, 777

Noailles, Maurice, Duc de, French com-

mander in the War of the Austrian
Succession, 373

Noell, Martin, adviser to the Council of

State in colonial affairs, 215; 234; 271;
332; and colonial government, 612
Nombre de Dios, Spanish treasure ship, 99
Nootka Sound, 8; Captain Cook and, 536
Norfolk, Virginia, burning of, 681
Normandy, sailors from, participate in New-
foundland fishing,29, explore tropics, 34; 45

917

Norris, Sir John, Commodore, 516
Norris, Sir John, with Drake in unsuccessfu
attempt on Lisbon, 122
North, Lord, see Guildford

North, Roger, promoter of the Amazon
Company, 139; and of the "Company
for the Plantation of Guiana",
143
North-East Passage, Sebastian Cabot's
scheme to discover, 39; expedition of
Willoughby and Chancellor, 39-40;
Gilbert and Jenkinson fail to interest
Muscovy Company in, 57; Burghley
interested in, 59; 95; general discrediting
of, 104

Northington, Robert Henley, 1st Earl of,
Lord Chancellor, 489; 659; 666

North Sea, 23; 32; 36; claims of James I
and Charles I to exact fishing tolls from
foreigners in, 130

Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of,
revokes Hanse privileges, 38
North-West Passage, voyage of Sebastian
Cabot, 27; 28; address of Robert Thorne
the younger to Henry VIII on, 29;
Frobisher's search for, 35; 41; voyage of
John Davis in search of, 70; 95; 102;
Frobisher's voyage in search of, 102-4;
interest of Gilbert in, 105; 302; and the
Hudson's Bay Company, 508-9; attempt
of Cook to discover, 536
Norumbega, French trade in furs in, 78
Norway, 39; 195

Nova Scotia, 4; 26; colonising schemes of
Alexander and Gordon, 153; hostility of
France to, 154; Knights Baronets of
Nova Scotia, 154; colonists of, occupy
Port Royal, 154; Governor of, retains
control over custom officials, 291; French
settlements in, returned by the Treaty
of Breda, 314; and the Treaty of Rys-
wick, 321; and the Treaty of Utrecht,
328, 523; settlement of Halifax, 393; 415;
colonial agent for, 434; 465; deportation
of French settlers from, 470; 523; 543;
642; during the War of Independence,
719; 772; 776-8. See also Acadia
Novaia Zemlia, Sir Hugh Willoughby at,
40

Noyes, Dr Oliver, 801

Nugent, Lady, her description of life in
Jamaica, 819-20

Nymegen, Treaty of, 318; 320; 554
Nystad, Peace of (1721), 362

Occasional Conformity Act, 349

Oceana, of James Harrington, 606, 608;
influence of, on constitutions of Carolina
and Pennsylvania, 609–10; 612
Of National Characters, essay by David
Hume, 629

Oglethorpe, James Edward, General,
founder of Georgia, 8; 395-6

O'Hara, Charles, Colonel, first Governor
of Senegambia, 455; 457; 704

Ohio, 393-4; French claims on, 465-8,
544; 641; 771-2
Old Providence, island off coast of Nica-
ragua, Puritan settlement on, 166; cap-
tured by Spaniards, 167
Oldmixon, John, historian, 603; 608;
627-8

Olive Branch, failure of, to carry supplies to
Leigh in Guiana, 86; lands settlers on
Windward Islands, 87

Olive Branch Petition, 682

Oliver, Thomas, Lieutenant-Governor of
Massachusetts Bay, and the Whateley
letters, 672

Omoa, Fort of, captured by the English,715
Ontario, Lake, 546

Ontario, Scottish settlers in, 266

Oran, 322, 779

Ordonnances, French, of 1533, 1543 and

1681, and neutral rights, 549 seqq.,
O'Reilly, Alexander, Spanish general, 700
Orinoco, River, 86; 87; Raleigh organises
expedition to, 91; 109; 126

Orissa, 780-1

Orleans, Philip, Duke of, regent for
Louis XV, 357; alliance of, with England,
360

Orpheus, H.M.S., and American privateers,
736

Orvilliers, Louis Guillouet, Comte d',
French admiral, 740-1; 744
Osborn, Henry, Vice-Admiral, 530
Ossun, Marquis de, French minister at
Madrid, 701

Ostend, 124; damage done to English
commerce by privateers from, 229-30
Oswald, Richard, his negotiations with
Franklin, 770; 772 seqq.

Oswego, English fort established at (1727),
390, 470; fall of, 472

Otis, James, Boston lawyer, his attack on
the Navigation Laws, 648; 656; 661; 666
Ouatanon, Fort, 637

Oxenham, John, comrade of Drake, 99
Oxford, 105

Oxford, Earl of, Robert Harley, and the
Treaty of Utrecht, 327; President of the
South Sea Company, 335, secures for it
the Asiento agreement, 336; 624

Pacific, 11; 99; Drake sails in, 101, 115;
trade monopoly in, 305; Captain Cook
in, 535-6

Paine, Thomas, his Common Sense, 683
Palatinate, the, 141

Palliser, Sir Hugh, Admiral, served under
Keppel, 741; 743

Palmerston, Henry, 3rd Viscount, 21
Panama, 99; the Darien scheme, 324; silver

from Peru taken across Isthmus of, 333;
South Sea Company's factory at, 338
Papacy, and Elizabeth and Philip, 120; its
grants of barbarian lands to Spain and
Portugal, 183-5

Pará, 143.

Paravicini, 108

Pardo, Convention of the, fails to settle the
trade dispute in Spanish America, 339
Paris, Treaty of (1763), 186; 346; 454;
485-506; 535; 543; 630

Parke, Daniel, Governor of the Leeward
Islands, 378; murder of, 409; 417; 520
Parker, Hyde, Admiral, his engagement
with the Dutch, 756–7
Parker, Sir Peter, Admiral, 722

Parker, William, attacks of, on West
Indies, 126

Parkhurst, Antony, 60; describes fitness of
Newfoundland for colonisation, 73; 89
Parliamentary Commissioners for the Plan-
tations, grant charter to Providence,
Rhode Island, 164

Parma, Duke of, captures Antwerp, 119;
and the Armada, 122

Passarowitz, Peace of (1718), 358

Paterson, William, leader of the Darien
expedition, 324, 620-2

Patiño, Spanish minister, 332; 339; death
of, 369

Payne, collector of customs in Maryland,
murder of, 284

Peckham, Sir George, 62; and plan for
settling recusants in North America, 66;
68; 69; 70; 90; 208
Pelham, Henry, 460; 464

Pelican, Drake sails in, 100

Pemaquid, claimed by Massachusetts, 388
Pemberton, Benjamin, 291

Pembroke, Philip, Earl of, and of Mont-
gomery, grant of West Indian Islands to,
145; 171
Penang, II

Penn, Richard, and the Olive Branch
Petition, 682

Penn, William, Quaker, takes over Byllyng's
claims in New Jersey, 254; James II's
friendship for, 254; the grant of Pennsyl-
vania in exchange for debts owed him by
the Crown, 255; his "Frame of Govern-
ment", 255; his relations with the
Indians, and the foundation of Phila-
delphia, 255, 544; rights suspended at
accession of William III, 263; on the
creation of the vice-admiralty courts,
287; his dispute with Robert Quary, 297;
298; 385; and slavery, 401; political
beliefs of, 608; his "Holy Experiment",

610

Penn, Sir William, sea commander of expedi-
tion against Spanish Main (1655), 218–
19; sent to Tower, 229
Pennington, Sir John, admiral under
Charles I, 132

Pennoyer, William, adviser to the Council
of State, in colonial affairs, 215
Pennsylvania, 247; the proprietary grant to
William Penn in 1681, 254-5; customs
officials in, 292, 297, 299; 385; 390;

objection of inhabitants of, to use of
"carnal weapons", 392, 636-9; 398-9;
Speaker of, 425; privilege of the Assembly,
428; 429; 596-8; inhabitants of, refuse to
use the ballot, 608; constitution of, 609-
10; right of Parliament to tax, 654; and
the Stamp Act, 655; and the Declaration
of Independence, 684; literature and
social life in, 784, 808-9

Pennsylvania Gazette, founded by Benjamin
Franklin, 399

Pensacola, port in Florida, 694; 709; 756
Penzance, burnt by Amerola, 124
Pepper, Wyndham's expedition seeks for,
43

Pepperell, Lieut.-General, 525

Pepys, Samuel, 300; 515

Pequots, war between Connecticut settlers
and, 165

Perambakam, 756

Perpetual Parliament, The, of George Wither,
608

Persia, visited by Anthony Jenkinson, 41;
65

Peter I, Czar of Russia, 301; 346; 354; 358
Peter III, Czar of Russia, withdraws from
Seven Years' War, 494

Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl
of, 519

Petersburg, Russia, 361
Petersburg, U.S.A., 753

Pett, Phineas, designs ships, 129

Petty, Sir William, on the underpopulation
of England, 564

Peyton, Edward, Commodore in the East
Indies, 526

Philadelphia, foundation of, 255; salary of
customs collector at, 293; vice-admiralty
court at, 299; 599; 601; reception of
Stamp Act in, 653; the Continental
Congress at, 676; 724-9; occupied by
General Howe, 734; evacuated by
Clinton, 738, 766; described by Burnaby,
808

Philip, Archduke of Austria, his treaty with

Henry VII, the Intercursus Magnus, 198
Philip II, King of Spain, 30; approves of
Muscovy Company, 40, 41; insists on
prohibition of Guinea trade, 44; 45;
refuses to permit English trade with
Spanish colonies, 48; arrests all English
property in his dominions, 50; 58; 59;
61; becomes King of Portugal in 1580,
63, 115; allegiance abjured by United
Provinces, 64; 70; 103; 107; 112; 117;
119; and the Armada and after, 121-5;
death of, 125; compelled to strike flag by
Lord William Howard, 197
Philip III, King of Spain, 85; 125; and
the Treaty of London, 128; 172; 187
Philip IV, King of Spain, 226; refuses to
allow liberty of worship to Englishmen,
227

Philip V, King of Spain, 325-7; 356; 365

919

Philippe le Bel, King of France, 120
Philippines, Spanish trade restrictions in,
305; 704

Phillips, William, Major-General, served
with Burgoyne, 730

Phipps, Sir William, of Boston, captures
Port Royal in Acadia, 511; 514
Picardy, Parma's victories in, 125
Pierce, John, site of New Plymouth granted
to, 153, 157

Pigot, Sir Robert, 739-40
Pinckard, Dr, 820-1

Pinteado, Antonio, Portuguese renegade,
sails with Wyndham to Guinea coast, 43
Piracy, 5; 33; 35; 42; 51; against Spain,
under James I, 88; 129; abortive attempt
of Mansell against pirates of Algiers, 130;
142; and the sovereignty of the sea,
195-6; the buccaneers on the Spanish
Main, 245-6, 332-7; Bahamas centre of,
284; 517; 811-12

Pitt, Fort, 637

Pitt, William, 1st Earl of Chatham, 226;
263; contrasted with Walpole, 346; his
opinion of the importance of trade, 348;
370; and the Seven Years' War, 460-506,
527-8, 530-1, 590; 634; 641; 658; on the
taxation of the colonies, 659; the Pitt-
Grafton ministry, 663, 666; resignation
of, 667; return to public life, 668; and
the Boston Tea Party, 674; 680; 685 seqq.;
761-2; 764-6; death of, 767

Pitt, William, the younger, 762; 768-9; his
motion for Parliamentary Reform, 770;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 775
Pittsburg, formerly Fort Duquesne, 479;
634; 638

Pizarro, 74

Placentia, in Newfoundland, 384; 393;
514; 519; 522

Plassey, battle of, 476; 529

Plate, River, 58; and the Asiento agree-
ment, 328

Plowden, on the sovereignty of the sea, 199
Plymouth, 28; 33; William Hawkins and,

36, 42; John Hawkins sails from, 49; 70;
Sir Ferdinando Gorges governor of, 78;
98; 100; return of Golden Hind to, 115;
and the Armada, 121-2; the departure
of the Mayflower from, 157; 516; Franco-
Spanish plot to burn, 691
Plymouth Colony, founding of, 80
Pocock, Sir George, Admiral, in India, 529
Point Comfort, 168

Pointis, Jean-Bernard, Baron de, French
seaman, 516

Polaroon, see Pulo Run

Polish Succession, War of, 351; 353
Pompadour, Jeanne-Antoinette, Marquise
de, 468; 471; 480; 489

Pondicherry, restored to France, by the
terms of the Treaty of Ryswick, 321;
486; capture of, 489; 525; 529–30; 713;
restored to France, 781

Pontanus, Dutchman, in employ of King
of Denmark, reply of, to Selden, 204
Pontiac, Ottawa chief, 638; 641
Poole, 516

Popham, Edward, becomes Lord High
Admiral (1649), 133

Popham, Sir Francis (Captain), 126
Popham, Sir John, advocate of emigration,

78; on the emigration of undesirables, 112
Population, increase of, during Tudor
period, 36; England held to be over-
populated under Elizabeth, 69; war with
Spain provides outlet for surplus popu-
lation, 73; surplus population under
James I, 111-12, 136, 234; England held,
after Revolution of 1688, to be under-
populated, 564

Port de Paix, 515

Porte, Sublime, and extra-territoriality, 2
Portland, 121

Portland, William, 3rd Duke of, 769; 779
Port Louis, in the le de France (Mauritius),
525

Port Mahon, in Minorca, 322; Marlborough
urges capture of, 326; 521
Portobello, great fair at, 333; South Sea
Company's factory at, 338

Porto Rico, John Rut touches at, 28;
Grenville fortifies himself at, 71; con-
quest of, by Earl of Cumberland, 126;
228; 333; 520; pacific blockade of, 547;
779

Portolano, pilot's chart, 24

Port Royal, French colony in Acadia, 86;
captured by Scots from Nova Scotia,
154; restored by the Treaty of St Ger-
main-en-Laye (1632), 155; 333; 415;
capture of, by Phipps, 511; 522
Port Royal, in Jamaica, destruction of by
fire, 382; 512

Port Royal, in South Carolina, Scottish
settlement at, 250
Portsmouth, blockaded by French in 1545,
34; fortified by William Hawkins, 36;
Franco-Spanish plot to burn, 691;
Aitken's attempt on, 707

Portsmouth, on Narragansett Bay, settle-
ment of fugitives from Massachusetts at,
164

Portsmouth, Va., 753

Portugal, exploration of African coast, 23–
25; Bristol trade with, 27; 29; 34; 41; 43;
46; and the Antwerp staple, 30; English
hatred of, 32, 35, 37; rivalry with, in
Guinea and Brazil trade, 33, 44-9; claims
monopoly of Barbary trade, 42; better
relations with, 50; 53; 56; 59; disputed
succession, 63; 65; 88; Portuguese
fishermen off Newfoundland seized by
Bernard Drake, 70; 73; 76; 90; Philip II
of Spain becomes King of, 115; conquest
of, by Alva, 115; source of weakness to
Philip, 120; 127; contests of English
East Indiamen with Portuguese, 131;

revolt of, from Spain, 132; treaty of, with
the Commonwealth, 135; Nicholas V's
African grant to; 183; Treaty of Torde-
sillas between Spain and, 184; treaty of
Edward IV with, 184; 192; patronises
Prince Rupert, 221, 230, 223; Anglo-
Portuguese agreements of 1642, and of
1654, 230; gravitation of, toward Eng-
land, 300; ally of England in the War of
the Spanish Succession, 325; 332; Asiento
contract in hands of Portuguese, 333;
Don Antonio and English trade with
Portuguese Africa, 438; 550; 628; policy
of Choiseul and Grimaldi towards, 692;
war with Spain, 710

Pory, John, secretary in Virginia, 113
Postage, service in North America, 399
Postlethwayt, Malachy, 571; 579
Potomac, River, 401

Povey, Thomas, West India merchant,
chairman of the Committee for the West
Indies (1657), 234; promoter of Naviga-
tion Acts, 271; and colonial government,
612-13

Powell, Captain John, in employ of
Courteen Brothers, annexes Barbados,
144

Powell, Henry, re-establishes Courteen
régime in Barbados, 171

Powell, John, the younger, Governor of
Barbados in the Courteen interest, 171;
expelled by Hawley, an emissary of Lord
Carlisle, 172

Pownall, Thomas, colonial governor, 631;
649-50

Poynings's Law, application of, to Virginia
and Jamaica, 406-7, 422; 624

Pragmatic Sanction, 353; 364; guaranteed
by the Second Treaty of Vienna, 368
Prague, victory of Frederick the Great at,

Primogeniture, promotes piracy and colonies,
98

Primrose, hired from Royal Navy, by
Wyndham for Guinea expedition, 43
Prince Frederick, voyage of, 339

Prince Royal, constructed by Phineas Pett,
129

Prince Rupert's Land, 509
Princeton, New Jersey, University of, 399;
battle of, 726

Prince William, one of the "annual ships"
to Spanish America, 340
Privateering, 33; attacks on Spaniards,
Flemings and Portuguese during French
war (1545), 35; William Hawkins and,
36, 42; 50; 65; during war with Spain,
72; slump in, under James I, 88; 101;
joint-stock companies for the financing
of, 116; 123; 126; forbidden by Treaty of

London, 128; under foreign flags, 138;
the "Gynny" Company take to, 140;
142; in international law, 188-9, 554;
230; 515-17; 531; 558-60; during the
American War of Independence, 713,
714-15, 719, 721, 736; 811-12; 816
Privy Council, 29; 37; prohibits West
African trade (1555), 44; 58; 59; 61; 70;
74; 77: 138-9; 147; colonial policy of,
under Charles I, 148; special committee
of, to consider the reform of the govern-
ment of Virginia, 150; 167; committees
of, set up to deal with colonial questions,
176; permanent board set up, "Lords
Commissioners for Plantations in General"
(1634), 177; committees of, dealing with
trade and plantations in the latter half
of the seventeenth century, 268-70; and
enforcement of the Navigation Acts, 283,
296, 297; defiance of, by Jamaica, 337;
and colonial independence, 386, 389;
relations between, and the colonies
(1666-1753), 405-37, 583-4

Prize Courts, 538; 549 seqq.

Providence, island of, in the West Indies,
166-7, 225; conquered by Spain, 227;
781; 813

Providence, on Narragansett Bay, settle-
ment of fugitives from Massachusetts at,
164; 596

Province of Avalon, 168; 169

Prussia, ally of England in the War of the
Spanish Succession, 325; enemy, in the
War of the Austrian Succession, 371-6;
461-4; 469; the Convention of West-
minster, 471; and the Seven Years' War,
475 seqq.; and contraband, 550
Pudsey, John, Southampton merchant,
engaged in the Brazil trade, 36
Pulo Run (Polaroon), English driven out
of, 306; restored by the Treaty of
Breda, 314

Purchas, Samuel, 126

Puritans, 4; emigration of, 136-8; 565;
colonies of, in North America, 156-66;
unsuccessful settlements of, in West
Indies, 166-7; 604; influence of their
political thought on America, 610 seqq.
Pury, John Peter, leader of Swiss immi-
grants to Carolina, 402

Purysburg, Swiss settlement in South
Carolina, 402

Pym, John, treasurer of the Providence
Company, 166; appointed to a Parlia-
mentary committee, to consider a West
India association, 179; 225

Pyrenees, Treaty of the, terms of, 229; and
the right of search, 557

Quadruple Alliance (1718), 360-1
Quary, Robert, judge of the vice-admiralty
courts in Philadelphia, 287; Surveyor-
General of America, 293; his controversy
with Penn, 297

921

Quebec, founded by Champlain in 1606,
74; captured by Kirke, 154; returned
by the Treaty of St Germain-en-Laye,
155; 248; 415; 479; capture of, 482-3;
expedition of Phipps against, 512; 522;
capture of (1759), 530-4; 642; American
assault on repulsed, 720

Quebec Act, 677-8; 680; 708-9; 771
Querist, The, by Bishop Berkeley, 627
Quibbletown, 729

Quiberon, sea fight off, 483; 485; 533
Quincy, Josiah, Speaker of the South
Carolina Commons House of Assembly,

430

Radisson, Pierre Esprit, explorer in pay of
Prince Rupert, 508

Raleigh, Carew, brother of Sir Walter, 62
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 56; secures permission
from Queen for Gilbert's last expedition,
67; 70; sells John White licence to found
a colony in Virginia, 71; interest of, in
colonisation flags, 74; forfeits Queen's
favour, 74; financial difficulties of, 75;
78; 87; 91; failure of expedition to
Guiana, 92, 138; 96; summary of life
and character, 108-11; 113; 117; serves
under Howard at Cadiz, 124-5, 126;
notes improvements in shipping, 131;208
Rall, Hessian commander at Trenton,
726

Ramea, island of, Bretons hunt walruses
on, 73; attempt of Leigh on, 74; 86
Randolph, Edward, collector of customs in
Massachusetts, 259, 275; on the Planta-
tions Act of 1699, 279; largely responsible
for the annulment of the Massachusetts
Bay charter, 284; and the illegal trade
with Scotland, 285; recommends the
erection of vice-admiralty courts, 287;
288; Surveyor-General of New England,
293; his proposals for a more rigid control
of customs, 296; 510; 569
Raritan River, 724; 726

Rastell, John, unsuccessful voyage of, 28
Ratcliffe, John, 112

Rayneval, Gérard de, and the peace of
1783, 776, 778-9

Ready and Easy Way to establish a Free Com-
monwealth, by John Milton, 611

Redge, Rowland, Major, succeeds Warner
as Governor of St Christopher, 212; his
policy of neutrality in the Civil War, 212
Red Sea, 17; 65

Redruth, fishing merchants of, 74
Reformation, 3; 23; 32; 33; 37; 52
Renaissance, 22; 93

Reneger, Robert, Southampton merchant
engaged in the Brazil trade, 36
Rensselaerswyk, 251

Revenge, 117; only ship lost in war with
Spain, 118; 123

Revolution of 1688, 5; 7; effect of, in
America, 260-3, 614