his Mare Liberum, 199; 206; his De jure
belli ac pacis, 199-206, 548; 540-1; 553;
and contraband, 555
Guadeloupe, 302; 482; capture of, 483; 485;
490; 491-2; restored to France at the
Peace of Paris, 502-4, 591; 513-14;
519-20; trade of, with North American
colonies, 582; 691; 692
Guerchy, Claude de, French ambassador
in London, 695
Guiana, Raleigh's attempt in, 74, 75;
English, Dutch and French in, 86;
Leigh's settlement in, 86, 87; tobacco
grown in, 86; Harcourt formally an-
nexes, 87; unable to attract capital, 88;
Roe in, 91; Raleigh interested in, 109-
10; Raleigh's unsuccessful expedition to,
113, 138; "The Company for the Planta-
tion of Guiana", 145; 156; and the Treaty
of Utrecht, 328; the Kourou disaster, 689
Guichen, Luc-Urbain, Comte de, French
naval officer, 746; Rodney's actions
against, 749; 757
Guildford, Francis North, 2nd Earl of, and
the North American colonies, 668-9; and
the tea duty, 673; 674; 680; 698; 720;
fall of, 759; 764 seqq.; the Fox-North
coalition, 782
Guildford, American defeat at, 752
Guinea, English trade with, under Henry
VIII, 28, 41, under Mary and Elizabeth,
35, 44; friction with Portuguese in, 33,
47; John Hawkins and the Slave Trade
with, 47, 48, 49; deserted by English for
Caribbean, 50; 59; claimed by Spain
under terms of Bull Inter caetera, 183;
secured to Portugal by treaty of Torde-
sillas, 184; African Company seizes part
of coast of, 311; 438 seqq.
Guipuzcoa, intention of Louis XIV to
annex, 323
Guisnes, M. de, French ambassador in
London, 703
Gulliver's Travels, 354; and colonisation, 623
Gunter, Edmund, applies Napier's loga-
rithms to navigation, 131
Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 189
Guy, John, promoter of colony of New-
foundland, 90, 146; 147; opposition of,
to Sandys's free fishing bill, 148
Habeas Corpus Act, suspension of, in 1720,
349
Haddock, Admiral, 343
Hague Tribunal and fishing rights in
territorial waters, 543
Hakluyt, Richard, 43; author of Principal
Navigations, 44; advocate of colonisa-
tion, 67; 70; urges Raleigh to persevere,
71; 75; 78; assists in drawing up the
Virginia charter, 79; 90; 96; great
influence of, 114; his Discourse of Western
Planting, 114; quotation from works of,
121; 126; 208
Halifax, George, 2nd Earl of, 634-5; 640-1
Halifax, Nova Scotia, vice-admiralty court
at, 299; foundation of, 393; colonial
agent of, 434; 466; 531
Hamburg, 2; 64; trade of, with Greenland,
315; merchants of, eager to subscribe to
the Scotland Company, 324
Hamilton, Alexander, 657
Hamilton, Andrew, counsel for Zenger, 400
Hamilton, Lord Archibald, Governor of
Jamaica, 378, 386
Hamilton, James, 3rd Marquis of, head of
the syndicate of the "Lords Proprietors
and Adventurers" of Newfoundland,
181; takes 6000 men to the assistance of
Gustavus Adolphus, 189
Hancock, John, wealthy Boston patriot and
smuggler, 666
Hanover, effects of union with, on English
policy, 350-1, 354; the Treaty of West-
minster (1716) and, 356; the Treaty of
Hanover and, 366; acquires Verden and
Bremen, 359, 361; influence of Hano-
verian ambitions on the Second Treaty
of Vienna, 368; and the War of the
Austrian Succession, 372-3; and the
Seven Years' War, 460, 463, 470-3,
476-8; 482; 506
Hanover, Treaty of (1726), 366
Hanover Militia, Patrick Henry at the head
of, 681
Hansa, extra-territorial privileges of, 2; 22;
31; 32; friendship between Henry VIII
and, 38; privileges revoked in 1552, 38;
restored by Mary, 38; expulsion of, from
London in 1598, 39; in Russia, 40; 51; *
rivalry of, with English in Iceland
fisheries, 60
Harcourt, Robert, formally annexes Guiana,
87; unable to raise capital, 88; 139;
promoter of the "Company for the
Plantation of Guiana", 143
Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of, and
the Seven Years' War, 477; 486; 488;
493; 499; 504
Hardy, Sir Charles, Admiral, succeeds
Keppel, 744
Hardy, Josiah, recall of, 417
Hariot, Thomas, Raleigh's mathematical
expert, 110; 113
Harman, Sir John, Admiral, 508
Harrington, James, and the government of
the colonies, 606 seqq.
Harrison, William, 107
Hartford, Connecticut, first settlement at,
163
Harvard, University of, 399, 796-7; 800
Haslerig, Sir Arthur, member of the
standing committee for trade and foreign
affairs, set up in 1651, 215
Hastenbeck, Cumberland driven from, 476
Hastings, Warren, 11; and the war of 1778,
713; 756
Hatton, Sir Christopher, sails with Drake
(1577), 100
Havana, 123; 125; 322; 333; South Sea
Company's factory at, 338; capture of,
in 1762, 498, 535
Hawke, Admiral, Edward, Lord, victories
of, in 1746, 376; his victory at Quiberon
Bay, 485; and Captain Cook, 536; 547;
735
Hawkins, John, son of William, marries
daughter of Benj. Gonson, 35; in-
augurates Guinea slave trade, 47-8;
attacked by Spaniards, 49; 51; visits
French colonists in Florida, 56; 98; 107;
and the Armada, 122; 124; 199
Hawkins, Sir Richard, shipwright expert,
117; and the Falkland Islands, 698
Hawkins, William, of Plymouth, pioneer in
Guinea trade, 33; Brazil ventures of, 33,
36; 42; 43; death of, 47
Hawkins, William, the younger, 36
Hawley, Henry, Captain, sent out to re-
establish Carlisle's claims to Barbados,
172; joins the Warwick faction, and in-
troduces representative government, 174
Hayti, 166
Head of Elk, Howe at, 729; 733
Heath, Sir Robert, Attorney-General under
Charles I, scheme of, to establish colonies
south of Virginia, 169
Heathcote, Caleb, 805
Hedges, Sir Charles, judge of the High
Court of Admiralty, authorised to erect
vice-admiralty courts in the colonies, 296
Heemskerk, Dutch admiral, victory of,
over Spaniards in Gibraltar Bay, 128
Heinsius, 322; 327.
Hell Gate Channel, 723
Henrietta, island, Puritan settlement on,
166
Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I,
delay in paying dowry of, 155
Henry V, King of England, statute of,
regarding reprisals, 188
Henry VII, King of England, 3; 22; 25;
gives Cabot patent, 27; and the Hanse-
atic League, 31, 32; treaties of, with
Spain and the Netherlands, 48; 52; 116;
disregards the Bull Inter caetera, 184; and
the Intercursus Magnus, 198; 207
Henry VIII, King of England, encourages
expeditions to the North-West, 28; 29;
and the Navy, 31; 32; grants charter to
Spanish Company, 33; 35; friendship
of, for Hanseatic League, 38; 41; 50;
52; 65; 88; 96; 177; 238
Henry II, King of France, supports tropical
enterprises, 34; 54
Henry III, King of France, 190
Henry IV, King of France, assisted by
Elizabeth, against the Catholic League,
120; 124; makes peace with Spain, 125;
187; allows French soldiers to enter
service of the United Provinces, 189
Henry, eldest son of James I, interested in
Guiana, 87; comment of, on imprison-
ment of Raleigh, 113
Henry, Patrick, and the clergy of Virginia,
649; 787; and the Stamp Act, 655; and
the Gaspée affair, 672; 681
Henry the Navigator, 24
Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, 95
Herrings, see under Fisheries
Hervey, John, Lord, his sneers at the clergy,
349; his praise of Walpole, 362
Hessian troops, 683; 720; 726; and Bur-
goyne's surrender, 732
Hickman, Anthony, partner of Edward
Castlyn in the Canary trade, 35; 43; 44
High Court of Admiralty, 32; 42; 47
Hill, John, General, 523
Hillsborough, Viscount, see Downshire,
Marquis of
Hilton, Anthony, planter on Nevis, 172
Hispanicae Advocationis, by Albericus Gen-
tilis, 203
Hispaniola, Hawkins sells negroes in, 48;
71; 77; landing of Venables and Penn
at, 228; 332; 515
History of the World, Raleigh's, 113
Hobkirk's Hill, 753
Hochkirch, battle of, 478
Hodges, Cornelius, explores the interior of
Senegambia, 443
Holdernesse, Robert D'Arcy, 4th Earl of,
489
Holdip, Captain Richard, appointed
Governor of Surinam, 231
Holmes, Charles, Rear-Admiral, and the
capture of Quebec, 532
Holmes, Sir Robert, Admiral in charge of
expedition to Guinea Coast, 441; 508
Honduras, 8; 246; 382; 384; 487; 692;
Hood, Samuel, 1st Viscount, Admiral, 750;
754-5; 757-8
Hooker, Richard, 619
Hooker, the Rev. Thomas, leader of the
emigration from Massachusetts to Con-
necticut, 163
Hopkins, Stephen, Governor of Rhode
Island, 812
Hotham, William, 1st Baron, Admiral,
740-1
Howard, Charles, Lord of Effingham, Lord
High Admiral, tactics of, July 1588, 121;
defeat of the Armada, 122; 123; capture
of Cadiz, 124-5; Earl of Nottingham,
129; guilty of negligence, resigns, 129
Howard, Francis, Lord of Effingham,
Governor of Virginia (1684-9), extor-
tionate practices of, 257
Howard, Lord Thomas, in Cadiz expedi-
tion (1596), 124
Howard, Sir Thomas, expedition of, to the
Azores, 123
Howard, William, Lord of Effingham, 197
Howe, Richard, 1st Earl, British admiral,
736; 739-40; 759; 763
Howe, William, 5th Viscount, American
campaign of, 721; capture of New York,
722-3; 724 seqq.; and the Saratoga
disaster, 728-32; victory of, at Brandy-
wine, 733-4; 735 seqq.; 760; 763
Hubbardtown, 730
Hübner, Danish jurist, 552
Hudson, Henry, commands Dutch ex-
ploring expeditions, 86; 108
Hudson Bay, 108; and the Treaty of
Utrecht, 264; 508-9; 523; 545; 576. See
also Company, Hudson's Bay
Hudson River, Dutch at mouth of, 128;
foundation of the colony of New Am-
sterdam at, 153; 156; 165; 723
Hudson Strait, Frobisher at, 104; 509
Hughes, Sir Edward, Admiral, in the East
Indies, 756
Huguenots, 33; 34; 35; colonial enter-
prises of, 54-6; 67; 97; assisted by
Elizabeth, 120; 189; 226-7
Humber, River, 119
Hume, David, 629-30; 761
Hunt, Captain of H.M.S. Tamar, at the
Falkland Islands, 699
Hunter, Robert, Governor of Jamaica, 383;
governor of New York, 386-8
Huron, Lake, 391
Hutchinson, Thomas, Lieutenant-Governor
of Massachusetts, 655; succeeds Bernard
as Governor, 670; and the Whateley
letters, 672; and the Boston Tea Party,
674; 675
Hutchinson, Mrs Ann, leader of opposition
to Boston oligarchy, expelled, 164;
796
Huttoft, Henry, Levant trader builds
second Great Harry, 36
Hyder Ali, 714-15; 756
Iberville, Pierre le Moyne, Sieur d', Cana-
dian seaman, 516; 519; 545
Iceland, decay of, fishing trade, 60; 195
Idiaquez, secretary to Philip II of Spain,
125
Île de France, see Mauritius
Île St Jean, Prince Edward Island, 315
Illinois County, 772
Illinois River, La Salle explores, 544
Imperial Conferences, 17; 20
Inchiquin, William, 2nd Earl of, Governor
of Jamaica, 405
India, 4; 8; 11; 12; 16; 17; 19; 65; 183;
Anglo-Portuguese agreement of 1654,
230; 303-4; Dutch strive for monopoly
in, 305-6; foundation of the French
East India Company, 310; 317; Treaty
of Ryswick and, 321; 323; 376; Plassey,
476; 483; Wandewash, 485; 489; ac-
quisition of Bombay, 508; 525-6; 529-
30; 548; war with French in (1778), 713;
war with Hyder Ali, 715, 756; and the
Peace of Versailles (1783), 779-81. See
also under France, and Company, East
India
Indians, unfriendly to early settlers in
Virginia, 80, 81, 82, 84; of Guiana, trade
with, 86, 87; great sickness among, 157-
8; extermination of the Pequots, 165;
frontier war with, in Virginia (1644),
180-1; Penn's relations with, 299; of
Moskito, friendly relations of, with Eng-
lish, 167, 383; war with, in Carolina,
386, 390; English relations with the Six
Nations, 248, 391, 544, 638; and the war
of 1754, 392, 394; intelligent treatment
of, by the French, 465; legal position of,
191-4, 544-5; 635; 638; Indian reserves,
641-3; Choiseul's agents among, 693;
with Burgoyne, 729; 788
Industrial Revolution, 11; 12; 37
Ingersoll, Jared, Colonial agent for Con-
necticut, and the Stamp Act, 645-6
Inquisition, 33; 35
Inter caetera, Bull of Alexander VI, 183-4
Intercursus Magnus between Henry VII and
the Archduke Philip (1496), 187-8; and
the sovereignty of the sea, 198, 200
International law, and claims to colonial
possessions under Elizabeth and James I,
185-8; and neutrality, 189-90, 548 seqq.;
and the rights of aborigines, 191-4; and
the sovereignty of the sea, 195-204; 538-
43; and contraband, 554 seqq.; and
blockade, 555 seqq.; and the right of
search, 557 seqq.
Ireland, 5; 12; 23; colonisation undertaken
in, 56; army in, 73; 105; 113; mal-
contents in, supported by Spain, 119;
120; wreck of Catholic armada, sent to
help rebel earls in, 125; campaign of
Cromwell in, 133; growing of tobacco
forbidden in (1621), 149; attempt of
Cromwell to force emigration from, to
the West Indies, 236; and the Navigation
Laws, 279-81, 284-5, 287-8, 573; 514;
608; Swift and, 623-4; 682; and the
American War of Independence, 762,
769-70
Iroquois, Jesuit intrigues among, 510; 522;
543; acknowledge themselves subjects of
England, 544; 634
Isabella, Queen of Castile, 25; 192
Italy, 2; 22; 24; 30; 68; settlement of
Utrecht and, 359; the terms of the
Treaty of Seville (1729) with regard to,
367
Ivan the Terrible, welcomes Muscovy
Company, 40
Ivory, trade in, with African coast, 33, 43,
237; 34
Jacobites, emigration of, to colonies, 236;
348-9; 360; 362; in Barbados and New
York, 385; 510; 531
Jamaica, 56; 77; seizure of, by Venables
and Penn, 229; conditions in the early
colony, 232; undesirable nature of early
colonists, 236; under Charles II, 244-6;
268; Navigation Acts not a grievance in,
282; naval officers in, 290; 293; governor
of, refuses aid to Darien settlers, 324;
Central American trade of, 330-4; 382;
689; quarrels between, and the South
Sea Company, 336-7; centre of the slave
trade, 334, 338; and the annual ship,
340-1; disputes with Home Government,
337; 377-8; sugar plantations in, 379
81; social conditions in, 381-3; slavery
in, 380-3, 588; Government of 1660-
1763, 405-7, 410, 412, 416, 421, 424-9,
431, 433, 435-6; 507; 512-15; 519-20;
570; 582; 593; made free port, 601, 660;
682; 758; 768; 813; 815 seqq.
James I, King of England, 53; 57; 75; 87;
88; fads of, 108; 127; constant inclina-
tion of, towards Spaniards, 111; timid
pedantry of, 128; toadying of, to Spain,
129; 130; 136 seqq.; 154; 156; 176; and
the title to colonial domains, 185, 187;
forbids belligerent acts within home
waters, 190, 540; claims sovereignty of
the English seas, 198-201; particular
monopolies under, 214
James II, King of England, as Duke of
York, a leading member of the African
Company, 7, 311; and the conquest of
Dutch North America, 252; makes over
New Jersey to Berkeley and Carteret,
252-3; his colonial policy, as pursued in
New York, 253; his friendship with Penn
and the Quakers, 254; his creation of the
"Dominion of New England", 260; his
policy of religious toleration, 253, 260;
his fall and its repercussions in the
colonies, 260-3, 447, 510; supporter of
Navigation Acts, 271; 319; 320; attempt
of Louis XIV to restore, 320; and the
Navy, 507
James IV, King of Scotland, naval policy
of, 265
James Edward, Prince, the Old Pretender,
348; 365
James Fort, English station in Gambia,
446-8; 781
James Town, first settlement of, 80; 86;
89; 156
Japan, 25; 26; Colbert and, 309; English
trade with, largely lost to the Dutch, 315
Jay, John, 771; 775-9
Jeaffreson, J. C., 813-14
Jefferson, Thomas, 652; 650-7; and the
Gaspée affair, 672; his Summary View, 679;
684; 784; 79!
Jenkins, Captain, 225, 339, 342-4, 370-1
Jenkinson, Anthony, servant of Muscovy
Company, travels of, in Asia, 41;
interested in North-East Passage, 57;
presents memorial, with Humphrey
Gilbert, to Muscovy Company, 57
Jessop, William, secretary of Providence
Company, 226
Jesus of Lübeck, warship, sold by Hansa to
Henry VIII, 31
Jesus, Society of, missionaries of, in North
America, taken prisoner by Samuel
Argall, 86; unsuccessful opposition of
members of, to religious freedom in
Maryland, 170; missions of, to North
American Indians, 303; their policy of
Indian segregation broken by Colbert,
311; their assistance of the French in
North America, 393, 403, 510; com-
mercial speculations of, 690; expulsion
of members of, from Spain, 695
Jews, of Morocco, 42; expelled from Brazil
and Cayenne, settle at Surinam, 231
Johannes ffornandus, exports goods from
Bristol to Lisbon, 27
John, King of England, right of search in
English waters claimed in time of, 118;
and the striking of the flag, 196
John IV, King of Portugal, leads revolt of
Portuguese against Spain, alliance of,
with Charles I, 230
Johnson, Samuel, his comparison of Wal-
pole and the elder Pitt, 346; and the
French annexation of Corsica, 697
Johnson, Sir William, and the Six Nations,
638
Johnson and Graham's Lessees v. McIntosh,
545
Johnston, Gabriel, Governor of North
Carolina, 395
Johnstone, George, Commodore, Governor
of West Florida, 705; expedition of,
against Cape of Good Hope, 756
Joint-stock companies, made their appear-
ance in 1553, 25; 32; Company for
discovery of North-East Passage, 39;
Muscovy Company, first chartered joint-
stock company, 41; 52; for privateering
ventures, 116; for financing the Mayflower
Pilgrims, 157; the Act of 1720 and the
colonies, 594
Jones, Paul, American privateer, 715-16
Juan Fernandez, 535
Judd, Sir Andrew, Spanish trader, 36;
grandfather of Sir Thomas Smythe, 75
Judith, Francis Drake escapes in the, 49
Julius II, Pope, confirms treaty of Torde-
sillas, 184
Justifying Memorial, by Gibbon, 715
Jutland, battle of, 119
Kalb, de, French agent in North America,
664
Kalm, Swedish traveller in North America,
647
Karikal, 485; 779-781
Kaskaskia, 640; Clarke's raid on, 772
Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, Prinz von,
Austrian Chancellor, and the Seven
Years' War, 463 seqq.
Keene, Benjamin, English ambassador, and
South Sea Company's agent at Madrid,
339; 341-3; 480
Keith, Sir William, proposes Stamp Act for
the Plantations, 390, 652
Kempenfelt, Richard, Rear-Admiral, 530;
744-5; 757; 759
Kendal, Duchess of, mistress of George I,
bribed by Bolingbroke, 351
Kennebec River, Fort St George founded
at mouth of, 80; 388
Kent, the, and the capture of Chanderna-
gore, 529
Keppel, Augustus, 1st Viscount, Admiral,
740-1; 744; First Lord of the Admiralty,
769; 779
Keynell, Christopher, Governor of Antigua,
his squabbles with the planters, 233
Khartum, 17
"The King's Chambers", 190; 540
King's Mountain, North Carolina, Fer-
guson defeated at, 748, 751
Kingston, Jamaica, 382, 520
Kinnoul, Earl of, Lord Carlisle's claims in
the West Indies pass to, 241
Kinsale Harbour, Prince Rupert's fleet
blockaded in, 133.
Kipp's Bay, General Howe at, 723
Kirke, Sir David, captures French settle-
ments in Acadia and Canada, 132,
154-5; Governor of Newfoundland, 181;
recalled by the Puritans, 233
Klosterzeven, Convention of, 476, swept
aside, 478
Knyphausen, Hessian
Brandywine, 733; 738-9
Kolin, defeat of Frederick the Great at,
475
Königsegg, Spanish minister, hostile to
England, 339
Kourou, in Guiana, failure of French
settlement at, 689
Künersdorf, battle of, 484
La Bourdonnais, Bertrand-François Mahé
de, 526; captures Madras, 547-8
Labrador, expedition of John Cabot to, 26,
28; 108; assigned to the Government of
Newfoundland, 642
La Clue, French admiral, 530
Lafayette, Marquis, his proposal for an
invasion of Canada, 712; 751; 753
La Galissonière, Roland, Marquis de,
Governor of Canada, 465
Lagos, naval victory of, 483; 485; 533
La Hogue, battle of, 285; 514
Lally, Thomas Arthur, Comte de, in
India, 529-30
La Luzerne, French minister in America,
771
Lamb, John, and the Stamp Act, 635
Lancashire, 14
Lancaster, James, 126; 199
Lancey, De, case of, in New York, 427
Lando, Girolamo, Venetian ambassador
in London, 108
Lane, Ralph, in charge of expedition with
Richard Grenville, to Spanish Indies, 70;
unsuccessful colony of, in Virginia, 71
Langford, Abraham, dispute as to his
appointment as naval clerk at Barbados,
Lapland, death of Sir Hugh Willoughby
on shores of, 40
La Quadra, Spanish minister, 342; ap-
proves the Convention Treaty, 343
La Rochelle, fiasco at, 132; 311-12
La Salle, René-Robert, French explorer in
North America, 543-4
Las Casas, does not admit Papal claim to
dispose of barbarian lands, 184, 192
Laud, William, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, repressive measures of, accelerate
flow of Puritan emigration, 176–7
Laudonnière, René de, 56
Lauffeldt, French victory at, 374
Laurens, Henry, case concerning, in the
vice-admiralty court at Charleston, 298
Laurens, Henry, President of the American
Congress, 716; 771
Law, John, of Lauriston, failure of his
French companies, 357; 362-3; 622
League of Augsburg (1686), 320
Leah and Rachel, by J. Hammond, 788-9
Leake, Sir John, Admiral, 521
Leander, H.M.S., 457
Lee, Arthur, meets
London, 705; 708; American agent in
Spain, 709-10
Lee, Charles, American general, 738-9
Lee, Richard Henry, and the Gaspée affair,
672; learning of, 790
Leeward Islands, 131; 143-6; 153; 172-4;
209-12; 233; 236; 241-2; 244; 286; 314;
328; 376 seqq.; decline of white popula-
tion in, 380, 588; barter system in, 380;
government of 1660-1763, 405, 407-9,
416, 433; 510; 512-13; 520; 768; 813-
14
Legge, Henry, Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer, 489; 500
Le Havre, Coligny governor of, 54; 57;
Rodney's attack, 481
Leibniz, suggests to Louis XIV that he
should conquer Egypt, 313.
Leicester, Lord, supports African voyages,
44; 58
Leigh, Charles, attempt of, to settle
Brownists in the estuary of the St Law-
rence, 74; leader of first English settle-
ment in Guiana, 86; death of, 87; 156
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