Bell, Philip, Governor of Bermuda, joins Providence Company, 166; becomes Governor of Barbados in the Warwick interest, 175; overturned by Royalist faction, 212
Bellasis, Lord, an opinion of, 313 Belleisle, Charles Fouquet, Duc de, French statesman, 346; 481 Belleisle, 486; capture of, by English,
489, 490; returned to France at the Peace of Paris, 502; 534
Bellomont, Richard Coote, Earl of, colonial governor, 574-5 Bemis Heights, Burgoyne at, 731 Benbow, John, Admiral, 519 Bengal, 474; 476; 528–9; 781 Benin, 41; 46; 73.
Bennett, Richard, Parliamentary com- missioner, made governor on the sub- mission of Virginia (1652), 220
Bennington, 730 Berkeley, John, 1st Earl of, one of the
eight proprietors of Carolina, 248; New Jersey made over to him, and Sir George Carteret, 252; sells his rights in New Jersey to the Quakers, 253; 271 Berkeley, George, Bishop, visit of, to Rhode Island, 404; his Bermuda project, 626-7, and the American bishopric, 803 Berkeley, Sir William, appointed Governor of Virginia in 1640, 211; Royalist sympathies of, 211; unable to organise effective Royalist resistance in Virginia, 219; allowed to remain in the colony, 220, 256; and Carolina, 248; and the colony at Albemarle Sound, 250; misgovern- ment of, and recall, 256; unwillingness of, to enforce Navigation Acts, 281-2; 787; 790
Bermuda, Gates' expedition wrecked on, 83; "The Company of the Plantation of the Somers Islands", 85; piratical ten- dencies of colonists of, 85, 89; 138; 145; 151; Bermuda Assembly convoked, 152; 154; surviving Pequots sold to, 165; colonists from, join in the scheme of Providence Company, 166; 174; Royalist sympathies of, 211; repudiates Common- wealth, 212; trade with, forbidden by the Long Parliament, 216; submission of, 219; overpopulation of (c. 1657), 237; be- comes a Crown colony, 247; high birth rate in, 249; and the Navigation Acts, 281; 377; vegetable-growing in, 384; government of (1660-1753), 405, 416, 430; the project of Bishop Berkeley, 626-7; sends delegates to the congress at Philadelphia, 682; 813
Bernard, Sir Francis, Governor of New Jersey and Massachusetts, and the penal- ties for non-observance of the Acts of Trade, 286; 615; 631; 662; 666; dissolves the Assembly, 667
Bernstorff, Hanoverian minister of George I,
351 Berracoe, Dutch fort in West Africa, cap- tured by English (1782), 457
Berryer, Pierre Antoine, head of the French marine office, 481
Beverley, historian of Virginia, 786, 788–9 Bideford, 98; 516
Bienville, Celeron de, asserts French claim to the Ohio Valley, 394
Bilbao, decay of English trade with, 316 Bill of Rights and the position of the chartered companies, 447
Bissagos islands, Portuguese stations on, 452 Black Death, 37
Black River, British settlement on the Moskito Coast, 384
Blackstone, Sir William, on the acquisition of colonies, 193; 632-3
Blair, James, Commissary for the Bishop of London in Virginia, 399, 403, 786; and
the founding of William and Mary College, Virginia, 790
Blake, Robert, Admiral, 133; 134; 201; fires on Van Tromp and precipitates First Dutch War, 223, 539; his blockade of Lisbon facilitated by Spain, 226; destroys French squadron carrying aid to Dun- kirk, 226-7; destroys Spanish treasure fleet at Santa Cruz, 229
Blakiston, collector of customs in Maryland, his complaints against the colonists, 284 Bland, John, Virginia planter, complaint of against the Navigation Acts, 281 Blavet, in Brittany, 124
Blénac, Comte de, Governor of Martinique, 513
Blenheim, battle of, 300 Blockade, 556 seqq.,
Board of Trade and Plantations, established in 1696, 6; 263; 269; 290; 296; 321; 337; 385-6; discourages the manufacture of iron in Virginia, 394; 411; constitution of, 413-14; 418-23; 432; and the slave trade, 437; report of, on the African Company, 450; 568; 573; 577 seqq.; 616 Bokhara, visited by Jenkinson in 1557, 41 Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Viscount, and the Treaty of Utrecht, 327, 334; bribes the Duchess of Kendal, 351, returns to England, 365; 624-6
Bombay, acquisition of, by England, 507; 525
Bonnet, pirate chief, captured in the Bahamas, 384
Borburata, port on Spanish Main, John Hawkins sells negroes at, 49 Bordentown, New Jersey, 726
Borey, Thomas, Southampton merchant, engaged in Brazil trade, 36
Boroughs, Sir John, Keeper of the Records under Charles I, writer on the sovereignty of the sea, 203
Boscawen, Edward, Admiral, 469; his victory at Lagos, 483; 526-7; 530; 554 Bosman, William, Dutchman on Guinea coast, 443
Bosphorus, and the sovereignty of the sea, 535
Boston, 161; 163; trade of, 251; 252;
Anglican services permitted by Sir Edmund Andros at, 260; Andros im- prisoned at, 260; 261; customs officials at, 290, 293; vice-admiralty court at, 299; Colbert encourages French intercourse with, 311; colonial agent of, 434; 511; 515; 596; protests against the restrictions on commerce, 596, 599; reception of Stamp Act by, 654-5; Convention of, 667; the "Massacre", 669-70; the Tea Party, 674; 718 seqq.; singing in, 801; 810-12
Boston Newsletter, published in 1704, 399; 807
Bosworth, battle of, 22 Boucher, Jonathan, 653 Bougainville, Louis de, French commander in Canada, 532; voyage of, to the South Seas, 539; at the Falkland Islands, 698 Bouillé, Marquis de, Governor of Mar-
tinique, captures Dominica, 712; cap- tures St Christopher, 758
Boulogne, captured by Henry VIII, 34; negotiations for peace with Spain opened at (1599), 76 Boundsbrook, 727
Bouquet, Henry, Colonel, his victory over the Indians at Bushey's Run, 638 Bourbon, Duke of, succeeds the regent Orleans, 365; quarrels with Fleury and falls from power, 366
Boyle, Henry, Lord Carleton, 522 Boynes, M. de, French minister of marine, 704
Braddock, Edward, General, defeat of, by French and Red Indians, 392, 468–70; 635
Bradford, William, succeeds Carver as governor of the Mayflower Pilgrims, 157 Bradstreet, Colonel, 639 Brandenburg, 301; 306
Brandywine, battle of, 717, 733-4, 764. Bray, Thomas, commissary for the Bishop of London in Maryland, 403 Brazil, English trade with, under Henry VIII, 28; 32-4; 36; 41; 54; 66; Dutch occupation of, 77, 142; 86; 115; 144; English trade with, under certain re- strictions permitted (1654), 230; Jews expelled from, 231; diversity of owner- ship makes for freedom of trade, 305; not included in South Sea Company's monopoly, 335; Spanish designs against, 692
Breda, Treaty of, ends war with Dutch in 1667, 242; Surinam exchanged for
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British North America Act (1867), 15 Broglie, Comte de, scheme of, for the invasion of England, 687
Brooke, Lord, active member of council of New England, 153; interested in the Providence Company, 166
Brooklyn, battle of, 717, 722; Charles Fox on, 763
Brouillan, French admiral, 515
Brownists, failure of attempt to settle, on shores of the St Lawrence, 74; 156 Bucarelli, Don Francisco, Governor of Buenos Aires, 699
Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of, Lord High Admiral, 129; advocates war with Spain, 141; governor of the "Com- pany for the Plantation of Guiana", 143; President of the Council of New England, 147
Buenos Aires, 77; 336; South Sea Com- pany's factory at, 338; 692
Bunker's Hill, battle of, 681; 719 Burgoyne, John, General, 725; advance of, from Canada, 729-31; surrender at Saratoga, 732; 764
Burke, Edmund, the Free Port Act of, 345; 595; 637; and the Stamp Act debate, 646; and the Rockingham Whigs, 659; and the Pitt-Grafton Ministry, 663; denounces the taxation of the American colonies, 668; 674; 677 seqq.; and the French annexation of Corsica, 697; 761-3; 768-9; 775
Burlamaqui, J. T., Genevese publicist, influence of, in North America, 656–7 Burlington, occupied by Howe, 724 Burnaby, Admiral, 691
Burnaby, Andrew, the Rev., his travels in
North America, 807-11
Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury, 312; on the bombing of Genoa, 319
Burnet, William, Governor of New York
(1720), 388-9; 635; 807 Bushey's Run, battle of, 638
Bussy, François de, French envoy in London, 491
Bute, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of, and the Seven Years' War, 480, 488 seqq.; 534; 639-40; 685; retirement of, 691
Butler, Nathaniel, Governor of Bermuda, 150
Byllyng, Edward, Quaker, with John Fen- wick buys Berkeley's rights in New Jersey, 253-4
Byng, George, see Torrington
Byng, John, Admiral, failure of, at Minorca, 472, 527; 547
Bynkershoek, Cornelius Von, on terri- torial waters, 203, 540-2; and neutrality, 554; and blockade, 555
Byrd, William, of Virginia, his opinion of the trade restrictions, 282; 791 Byrd, William (the younger), 789-90 Byron, John, Rear-Admiral, voyage of, to the South Seas, 535; at the Falkland Islands, 698; 740-2
Cabot, John, 2; at Bristol, 25; sails to Labrador, 26, 27, 184, 193 Cabot, Sebastian, at Bristol, 27, 28; mem-
ber of joint stock company to discover North-East Passage, 39; 96; 193 Cabreta, Luis, Spanish captain, warns Philip not to trust in galleys, 117 Cadiz, 42; 108; 113; Drake's attack on, 121; occupation of, by Howard (1596), 124; 305; decay of English trade with, 315; attacks on, during War of Spanish Succession, 326; 333
Calais, 3; 39; Earl of Rutland tries to save,
51; captured by Spaniards (1596), 124; given back to France, 125
Calcutta, foundation of, 321; Black Hole of, 476; 528
Calicut, 30; proposal that Drake should be sent to, 65; 183
California, 4; Drake annexes, 101-2 Calvert, Charles, son of Cecilius, 2nd Lord Baltimore, governs Maryland, 1661-75, 257
Calvert, Sir George, Secretary of State, 91; maintains that Sandys' Fishing Bill is beyond the competence of the House of Commons, 148, 151; interested in Irish plantations, 168; attempt to found a colony in Newfoundland, 168; visit of, to Virginia, 169; created Lord Baltimore, 169; submits to Church of Rome, 169; death of, 169
Cambrai, Congress of (1724), 365 Camden, Charles Pratt, Earl of, jurist, 632; 652; and the taxation of the colonies, 660; 663, in favour of repealing the Townshend duties, 668; 683; 761; Lord
President in Rockingham's second Minis- try, 769
Camden, battle of, 747
Campbell, Archibald, Colonel, captures Savannah, 743; 746; 756
Campeachy Bay, 330; disputes as to the right to cut logwood in, 344 Camperdown, naval victory of Monck at (1653), 134
Canada, 10; 11; 14; 15; rebellion of 1837, 16; French and Portuguese in, 73; 74; Charles I sells back to French the settle- ments captured by Kirke, 132; 155; the Hudson Bay Company and the French, 264; debt of Canada to the Scots, 266; estimated by Choiseul as of less import- ance to France than Corsica, 302; 318; Jack Hill's expedition against, 327; 465; capture of French Canada, 482-3, 485-6, 530-3; and the Peace of Paris, 505, 630; 508-11; 523; 543; 589-91; 640; 643; the Quebec Act, 677-8, 708-9; invasion of, by the Americans, 709; 712; 718-20; 725; 755; 772; 775 seqq. Canada, River of, 73; 74 Canaries, English trade with, under Henry VIII, 33; the Castlyn family, 35, 43; the Thorne family, 36; visited by John Hawkins in 1562, 48; 114; granted by Clement VI to Luis de la Cerda in 1344, 183; Canary wines and the Navi- gation Acts, 275 Canning, George, 13
Canso, in Nova Scotia, 525 Cap François, 515
Cape Ann, Dorchester fishermen at, 159 Cape Bojador, 183
Cape Breton Island, expedition of Hore to, in 1536, 29; 60; 66; French and Portu- guese at, 73; proposed colony of "New Galloway" on, 155; Scottish colonists on, taken prisoner by the French, 155; re- mains French at the Treaty of Utrecht, 328; and the War of the Austrian Succession, 375-6; 391; French from Placentia emigrate to, 393; colonial agent for, 434; 467; 491; 523; 543; assigned to government of Nova Scotia, 642
Cape Coast Castle, British fort on the Gold Coast, 454, 456
Cape Cod, 86; Mayflower Pilgrims land behind, 157
Cape Fear, in Carolina, party of Barba- dians settle at, 250
Cape Horn, Drake rounds, 100 Cape of Good Hope, 15; 66; 183; estab- lished by Dutch as victualling station, becomes true colony, 305-6; Johnstone's attack on, foiled, 756
Cape Passaro, Byng destroys Spanish fleet off, 360; 546-7
Cape Tres Puntas, 46 Cape Verde, 46; 48; 49
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Cap François, 515 Capitulations, 2
Caracas, South Sea Company's factory at, 338
Carew, George, Lord, member of the com- mittee appointed by Charles I to consider the reform of the government of Virginia, 150 Caribbean Sea, Rut visits, 29; London
trade with, 31, 33; and slave trade, 47, 48, 50; raid of Drake in, 71; 138; 172-3; 226; focus of international rivalry during the Restoration period, 246; additional frigates sent to, for the enforcement of the Acts of Trade, 284
Caribs, massacre settlers on St Lucia, 87; massacre settlers on island of Grenada, 87; Black Caribs, 642 Carleill, Christopher, stepson of Walsing- ham, associated in colonising schemes, 59; Edward Fenton takes place of, 66; scheme of, for colonising Newfoundland, 67; Discourse of, 68; 69; 70; 72; 90 Carleton, Sir Guy, Governor of Canada, 719-20; 723; 725; and Burgoyne's ex- pedition, 730; 758
Carlisle, Charles Howard, Earl of, Governor of Jamaica, 406
Carlisle, James Hay, Earl of, patron of Thomas Warner, 144; Lord Proprietor of the Caribbees, 145, 153, 171-2, 209 Carlisle, Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of, con- trol over Caribbees collapses at beginning of Civil War, 209; his proprietary rights over the Caribbees suspended by the Long Parliament, 210, annulled, 219; leases Caribbees to Lord Willoughby, 212; dies without issue, his rights in the West Indies passing to Lord Kinnoul, 241 Carnatic, Hyder Ali in the, 715; 756 Carolina, 7; peopled mostly by re- emigration of other colonists, 247; Sir Robert Heath's grant from Charles I, 248; the foundation of the colony under Charles II, 248-50; division into North and South Carolina, 250; early govern- ment of, 250-1; customs officials in, 292; Anglican establishment in, 303-4; dis- pute over boundaries of, 344; charter of, resumed, 385; wars with the Indians, 385-6, 390-1; 394-5; 398-9; foreign emigrants in, 402; 571; 589; 593; Funda- mental Constitution of, 609; 675; 743; literature and social life of, 784 Carolina, North, Provincial council of, 421; Assembly of, 421, 429, 432; Speaker of, 424, 431; judicial tenure in, 435; 641; and the Stamp Act, 655; 680; loyalists in, 721; Cornwallis in, 748; social life, 793-4
Carolina, South, Assembly of, 421, 424, 430, 435; Speaker of, 431; and the Mutiny Act, 664; and the Declaration of
Independence, 684; Cornwallis in, 747; social life in, 792
Caroline, Queen, wife of George II, 350; 362; 367-8
Cartagena, visited by Hawkins, 49; con- quest of, by Drake, 119; Blake sinks Rupert's ships in harbour of, 133; 333; South Sea Company's factory at, 338; 415; 516
Carteret, Sir George, one of the eight proprietors of Carolina, 248; New Jersey made over to him and Lord Berkeley, 252; sells his rights in New Jersey to the Quakers, 254
Carteret, John, Earl of Granville, his view on Anglo-French relations, 356; and the War of the Austrian Succession, 371, 373, 375; and the proprietorship of Carolina, 386, 794; death of, 501
Cartier, Jacques, French explorer, 73 Carver, John, elected governor of the Mayflower Pilgrims, 157
Cary, John, Bristol merchant, on emigra- tion, 565-6
Caspian Sea, visited by Jenkinson in 1557,
Castlyn, Edward, London merchant, 35, 43, 44
Castlyn, James, sea captain, 35
Castlyn, William, London merchant, 35 Catawba, 752
Cateau-Cambrésis, Peace of, 51; French claim to trade with Spanish Indies shelved, 186-7; establishment of "lines of amity", 187
Catharine I of Russia, timely death of (1727), 367
Catharine II of Russia, 714; and the Armed Neutrality, 716; 773
Catherine of Braganza, Queen of Charles II, dowry of, 507
Catholic League, Philip counts on help from, 120
Cavalier Parliament of 1663, Navigation Act of, 271
Cavendish, Lord John, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 769; resignation of, 775 Cavendish, Thomas, 199
Cayenne, Jews expelled from, settle at Surinam, 231
Cayman, islands of, French fish for turtles on, 542
Cecil, William, Lord Burghley, 35, 39; encourages Guinea trade, 45; and John Hawkins, 49; and the Navy, 51; entrusts Florida design to Hawkins, 56; tem- porising policy of, 58; interested in North-East route, 59; enforces political Lent, 60; 64; anxiety of, for peace, 75 Centurioni, Paolo, 28
Cerda, Luis de la, granted Canary Islands by Clement VI, 183 Ceuta, 322
Ceylon, 15; Portuguese and French driven from, by the Dutch, 306; Dutch posts in, occupied by the English, 774 Chad's Ford, 733 Chamberlain, Joseph, 21 Champion, H.M.S., 457
Champlain, Lake, French secure control of, 391; 546; 718; Benedict Arnold at, 725 Champlain, Samuel de, founds colony of Quebec, 74; forced to surrender it to Kirke, 154
Chancellor, Richard, member of Muscovy Company, 39, 42; discovers Archangel route, 40
Chancery, court of, 28
Chandernagore, French stronghold on the Hooghly, 529; 701; 712; capture of, 713; restored to France, 781
Channel Islands and the Navigation laws, 271-2
Charles I, King of England, 5; 95; barters back Acadia and Canada, 132; defied by Dutch in territorial waters, 132; Navy side against, in Civil War, 132; 136; Madrid adventure of, 141; 143; 145; 146; and colonial affairs, 176–7; 189; and the sovereignty of the sea, 201-3; execution of, 208; particular monopolies under, 214; 239-40
Charles II, King of England, 7; 163; takes refuge in Holland, 209; proclaimed King in Scotland, 209; grants commission for the Caribbees to Francis, Lord Willough- by, 212; 238; his grants in Virginia to courtiers, 257; 313; 319; attempts to secure Asiento contract for the African Company, 334; 446; and the Navy, 507; 509
Charles Edward, Prince, the Young Pre- tender, at Derby, 348; birth of, 362; 531 Charles III, King of Spain, becomes King of Naples and Sicily, 368-9; 480; accedes to throne of Spain, 486; 487; 533; his hatred of England, 686; 700 seqq.; his offer of mediation during the American War, 714; joins France, 714 Charles V, Emperor, 34 Charles VI, Emperor, death of, 344, 356; and the Pragmatic Sanction, 364, 368; his foundation of the Ostend Company, 364
Charles VII, Emperor, 372-3 Charles XII, King of Sweden, 301; vetoes
English commerce with the Baltic, 358; death of, 361
Charlesfort, Huguenot colony in South Carolina, 55
Charleston in Carolina, settlement of, 250; vice-admiralty court at, 298-9; attack of Clinton and Parker on, 722, 743; capture of, by Clinton, 747; 752; 756; social life, 792; religious revival in, 793 Châteaurenaut, expedition of, to the West Indies, 518-19
Chatham, naval yard at, 50
Chauvelin, Germain-Louis de, 352; 366; hostility of, to England, 369; fall of, 369 Chebucto Bay, in Nova Scotia, 393 Cherokees, Red Indian tribe, 391 Cherry, Sir Francis, 89
Cherry Island, whale and walrus hunting off, 89
Chesapeake Bay, Howe disembarks at, 729; 751 seqq.; 760
Chesapeake River, settlement round es- tuary of, 80; 109; 219; additional frigates sent to, for the enforcement of the Acts of Trade, 284
Chester, Sir William, 44
Chesterfield, Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of, 351; 476
Chichester, Thomas, 2nd Earl of, member of committee appointed by Charles I to consider the reform of the government of Virginia, 150
Child, Sir Josiah, enumerates fifteen trades lost by England, 315; on emigration from England, 564-5; on New England, 572-3
China, 25; 26; 27; 41; 101; English trade with, largely lost to the Dutch, 315 Choiseul, Étienne-François, Duc de, his low estimate of the value of Canada, 302; the Seven Years' War and, 461, 479; accession of, to power, 481; 486; 489-501; 531 seqq.; 686 seqq.; fall of, 702-4; 736 Christina, Queen of Sweden, and the right of search, 557
Church, 22; 30; 37; of England, cause of emigration, 137-8, 156; Anglican ser- vices permitted at Boston under James II, 260; Anglicanism, in the West Indies, 381, in the North American colonies, 403-4, 785-787; the question of the American bishopric, 803-4; in New York, 804-5
Circars, Northern, cession of, to the British, 483 Civil War, 5; attitude of Navy in, 132; 136; importance of, in imperial history, 179; in the West Indies, 212-19
Claiborne, William, contest between, and Lord Baltimore's colonists in Maryland, 169
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of, 241; patron of the Carolina scheme, 248; favours Connecticut as a counterpoise to Massachusetts, 251; 258; 268; promoter of Navigation Acts, 271; 301; his fall hastens the alliance with France, 314; 319
Clarke, George, Governor of New York, his disputes with the Assembly, 388 Clarke, George Rogers, 772 Clarke, John, succeeds O'Hara as Governor of Senegambia, 456
Clement VI, grants Canary Islands to Luis de la Cerda (1344), 183
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