Most of the above facts may be expressed in several ways: as,

(1) London was [in great part] destroyed by fire in 1666. (2) A great part of London was burnt down in 1666.

(3) The great Fire of London took place in 1666.

The student should express each in as many ways as he can, being careful to use only simple and natural language.

EXERCISE 2.

(To be worked in same manner as preceding.)

the following subjects:

1. A visit to Brighton or some other watering-place.

2. A country walk in spring.

* These important discoveries appear to have been made at different times by more than one nation.

3. A country walk in winter.

4. A ride on horseback.

5. A ride on a bicycle.

6. A trip by steamboat.

and

N.B. Each sentence is to be complete in itself; must begin with a capital letter, and be terminated by a full-stop.

Specimen of mode of working these exercises.

Subject:-AN AUTUMN WALK.

1. A field of ripe corn is a beautiful sight.

2. The reapers are busily at work.

3. The heat is still very great in the middle of the day. 4. There are comparatively few wild flowers now.

5. I like to see the orchard trees well loaded with fruit.

6. The gleaners pick up the scattered ears.

EXERCISE 4.

Construct six Simple Sentences connected with each of the following topics :

1. A Cricket-match. 2. Boating. 3. A game at Chess. 4. Dancing. 5. Charade-acting. 6. A fall from a horse.

EXERCISE 5.

Construct six Simple Sentences connected with each of the following topics :—

1. Cruelty. 2. Cowardice. 3. Latin. 4. Geometry. 5. Drawing or Painting. 6. Music.

EXERCISE 6.

Construct six Simple Sentences connected with each of the following persons :—

1. King John. 2. Cromwell. 3. Duke of Marlborough. 4. Nelson. 5. Duke of Wellington. 6. Napoleon III.

§ 6. We have seen that all written composition is made up of Simple Sentences. Any paragraph of prose or verse, however long and complicated, may be taken to pieces, so as to show the ultimate simple sentences of which it is composed. In the following Example, the first column presents a given paragraph in its connected or synthetical form; the second exhibits it as taken to pieces, or in its analytical form. [Synthesis, synthetical,

from Gk. σúv-Oeois, placing together; analysis, analytical, from Gk. åvá-λvous, taking to pieces.]

A. CONNECTED PARAGRAPH.

One day a wolf and a lamb came together to a stream to drink; the wolf being higher up the stream, and the lamb a good way lower down. The wolf eager to pick a quarrel, accused the lamb of fouling the water; to which the lamb replied, that that was not possible, as the current was in the opposite direction. As the wolf could not dispute this fact, he tried another tack, and charged the poor lamb with having slandered him some six months ago: to which the lamb replied that that was before she was born. The wolf was now in a furious passion, and approaching the innocent victim, tore her in pieces and devoured her.

B. SAME PARAGRAPH BROKEN UP
INTO SIMPLE SENTENCES.

1. One day a wolf and a lamb came together to a stream to drink.

2. The wolf was higher up the

stream.

3. The lamb was a good way lower down.

4. The wolf was eager to pick a quarrel.

5. He accused the lamb of fouling the water.

6. To this the lamb replied. 7. "That is not possible." 8. "The current runs in the opposite direction."

9. The wolf could not dispute this fact.

10. He tried another tack.

11. He charged the poor lamb with having slandered him some months ago.

12. To this the lamb replied. 13. "That was before I was born."

14. The wolf was now in a furious passion.

15. He approached the innocent victim.

16. He tore her in pieces.
17. He devoured her.

§ 7. The words by means of which simple sentences are bound together, so as to form complex sentences, are called Connectives. The Connectives in the above paragraph are indicated by italics. They are and, as, that, which (see E. Gr. § 89).

EXERCISE 7.

Break up the following paragraphs into as many simple sentences as you can, as in the example given above.

[N.B. Each simple sentence must begin with a capital letter, and be followed by a full-stop. The Connectives are not to be given as parts of the simple sentences, but may be placed by themselves in a separate column. When the Connective is a Relative Pronoun or Relative Adverb, either a Noun or a Demonstrative Pronoun must be substituted for it.]

A. THE FOX AND THE GRAPES.

"One sultry day in the month of September, a fox, passing through a vineyard, perceived some delicious-looking grapes nailed up to a trellis. They were far beyond his reach; but as he was very thirsty, and the fruit looked exceedingly tempting, he determined not to pass them by without at least making an attempt to possess them. He therefore leaped up at them several times with all his might, and put every stratagem in practice to obtain possession of them, but in vain. At length, suddenly turning away † and pursuing † his path: 'Pshaw!' said he, after all, I dare say they are sour and not worth having; I wonder that I gave myself so much trouble about them.""

B. VILLIERS, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.

"He [Villiers] acted very few weeks upon this stage, when he mounted higher, and being knighted, without any other qualification, he was at the same time made Gentleman of the Bedchamber, and § Knight of the Order of the Garter, and in a short time (very short for such a prodigious ascent) he was made a Baron, a Viscount, an Earl, a Marquis, and became Lord High Admiral of England, and entirely disposing of all the graces of the king, in conferring || all the honours and all the offices of three kingdoms without a rival.. (Clarendon, Hist. Rebell. bk. i.)

EXERCISE 8.

(To be worked as Ex. 7.)

...

C. SCENE AFTER THE ASSASSINATION OF BUCKINGHAM.

"In this hurry, one running one way, another another way, a man was seen walking before the door very composedly without a hat; whereupon, one cried out, Here is the fellow that killed the Duke; upon which others run thither, everybody asking, Which is he? which is he? to which the man without the hat very composedly answered, I am he. Thereupon some of those who ** were most furious, suddenly ran upon the man with their drawn swords to kill him; but others who tt were at least equally concerned in the loss and in the sense of it, defended him; himself with open arms very calmly and cheerfully exposing himself to the fury and swords of the most enraged, as being very willing to fall a sacrifice to their sudden anger." (1b. p. 29.)

D. CHARACTER OF PYM.

"Mr. Pym was looked upon as the man of greatest experience in Parliament, where he had served very long, and was always a man of business, being an officer in the Exchequer, and of a good reputation generally, though known to be inclined to the Puritan faction, yet not

*

Supply the verb: he [did so, i.e. tried every stratagem] in vain.

+ Use the Indicative Mood, he turned away he pursued, &c.

Supply the object; I wonder [at that, viz. my giving myself so much trouble]. The word and here marks a Contracted Sentence (E. Gr. § 308). Supply the verb over again: [He was made] knight. So again below: he was made a viscount, &c. Instead of the Gerund, use here the Indicative Mood. Whereupon, Rel. Adverb: say, upon this.

**When the Relative is used restrictively (E. Gr. § 233) as here, the Relative sentence cannot be detached without injuring the sense.

++ The relative is here used conjunctively (E. Gr. § 233), and the relative sentence can here be detached without difficulty. These (men) were at least equally concerned,' &c.

of those furious resolutions against the Church as the other leading men were, and wholly devoted to the Earl of Bedford, who† had nothing of that spirit." (Ib. bk. iii, p. 185.)

EXERCISE 9.

(To be worked as preceding.)

E. CHARACTER OF STRAFFORD.

"He was, no doubt, of great observation, and a piercing judgment both in Things and Persons; but his too good skill in Persons made him judge the worse of things: for it was his misfortune to be in a time wherein very few wise men were equally employed with him; and scarce any . . . whose faculties were equal to his: so that . . . . he relied wholly upon himself; and discerning many defects in most men, he too much neglected what they said or did. Of all his passions his pride was the most predominant: which a moderate exercise of illfortune might have corrected and reformed, and which was by tho hand of God strangely punished by bringing § his destruction upon him by two things that || he most despised, the people and Sir Harry Vane. In a word, the Epitaph which Plutarch records that Sulla wrote for himself, may not be unfitly applied to him, "That no man did ever exceed him either in doing good to his friends, or in doing mischief to his enemies; for his acts of both kinds were most notorious."" (Ib. p. 260.)

8. USE OF CONNECTIVES, continued.-The connectives. most in use are the Conjunctions; especially and, but, or (either), nor (neither). The Relative (or Conjunctive) Pronouns who, which, with their derivatives, when, where, whence, whereupon, whereby, etc., are also used as Connectives. Sentences connected by and, but, or, nor, are called coordinate sentences; the members connected not being dependent upon each other, but as it were ranking side by side (E. Gr. § 308).

EXAMPLES OF CO-ORDINATE SENTENCES.

Art is long and time is short.

Charity is good, but justice is better.

Paris is a great city, but London is a greater.

Sir. R. Peel repealed the Corn-laws, and Mr. Disraeli introduced Household Suffrage.

"The rich ruleth over the poor; and the borrower is servant to tho lender." (Prov. xxii. 7).

*The conjunction as has here a relative force. But the clause introduced cannot be detached (see p. 8, note **).

Is the relative here used restrictively or conjunctively?

Relative adverb; used restrictively. Arrange thus: (1) Very few wise men were equally employed with him. (2) Scarce any whose faculties were equal to his were employed with him. (3) This was his misfortune.

§ Use Indicative. Not to be detached.

Say, the following epitaph.