"Be not thou envious against evil men, neither desire to be with them." (Ib. xxiv. 1.) "It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer; but when he is gone his way, then he boasteth." (Ib. xx. 14.) § 9. Co-ordinate sentences connected by and are very often contracted (E. Gr. § 308, N.B.). This is almost always the case when the same Subject has more than one Predicate, or when the same Predicate is common to more than one Subject. A. CO-ORDINATE SENTENCES DETACHED. EXAMPLES. B. SAME SENTENCES CONNECTED BY and, but, or (either), nor (neither), AND CONTRACTED. 1. Gold and silver are precious metals. 2. Oxygen and nitrogen are [both] necessary for respiration. 3. Cæsar and Pompey were great generals. 4. Berlin is already a great city, and is rapidly increasing in population. 5. Water freezes at 32°, and boils at 212° Fahrenheit. 6. Cæsar came, saw, and conquered. 7. Either you or I am mistaken. 8. Neither physic nor law is to be practically known from books. (For the Predicate, 'is,' see E. Gr. § 249.) EXERCISE 10. Combine the following detached co-ordinate sentences by the use of and, both . . . and, neither . . . nor, or. 1. Bohemia is a province of the Austrian Empire. Hungary is a province of the Austrian Empire. 2. The moa is now an extinct bird. The dodo is now an extinct bird. 3. My wife was in tears. My girls were in tears. 4. He could not discover the tendency of these reports. He could not discover the author of these reports. 5. The colonel was badly wounded. The lieutenant was also badly wounded. 6. The colonel was unable to march. The lieutenant was unable to march, 7. Nothing could make him angry. ashamed of his villanies. Nothing could make him 8. The intervals between conversation were employed in teaching my daughters. Sometimes the intervals. .. were employed in setting my two little ones to box. 9. The good man admired the woman's prudence. He followed her advice. 10. Mr. Jenkinson laughed heartily at my design. Mr. Jenkinson communicated my design to the rest. § 10. Sentences connected by who, which, &c. are coordinate when the Relative Pronoun is used Conjunctively. EXAMPLES OF CO-ORDINATE SENTENCES CONNECTED BY A RELATIVE. 1. "The blow did the Saracen very little injury, who, lifting up his sword, fairly struck off the poor dwarf's arm." (Vic. of W., ch. xiii.) (Who and he.) 2. "He ordered his footman to be called up, who made his appearance in a very genteel livery." (Ib.) (Who and he.) 3. "So saying, I threw him the pocket-book, which he took up with a smile." (Ib.) (Which he took up and he took it up.) 4. "In this manner we spent the forenoon, till the bell summoned us to dinner, where we found the manager of the strolling company." (Ib.) (Where and there, i.e. at dinner.) 5. "The very next morning his steward came to demand my annual rent, which . . . I was unable to pay." (Ib.) (Which but this, i.e. the rent.) EXERCISE 11. Combine the following sentences by means of a Conjunctive Pronoun or Adverb (who, which, where, when, &c.) 1. The painter did not spare his colours. My wife gave him great encomiums for this. 2. This alarmed my son. My son had till then been asleep. 3. I encouraged my wife. My wife, pale and trembling, clasped our affrighted little ones in her arms. 4. Upon entering we put up at an inn. At the inn we had such refreshments as could most readily be procured. 5. I will take care to stand your friend in prison, and I think I have some influence there. 6. The next morning I was awakened by my family, and I found them in tears by my bedside. 7. I next inquired after my eldest daughter. She was not among them. 8. I shall conclude this with an account of a picture in his gallery. And there are many in the gallery which will deserve my future consideration. 9. He ordered all the [haunted] apartments to be flung open and exorcised by his chaplain. The chaplain lay in every room one after the other, 10. In the midst of his discourse the bell rang to dinner; and at dinner the gentleman had the pleasure of seeing the huge jack he had caught served up for the first dish. 11. Laertes has fifteen hundred pounds a year; but this income is mortgaged for £6000. 12. At the same time Sir Roger rode forward, and alighting, took up the hare in his arms; and he soon after delivered her up to one of his servants with an order . . . to let her go in his great orchard. It seems he has several of these prisoners of war in this orchard; and the hares live together in a very comfortable captivity. § 11. This use of the Relative demands care, and should be sparingly resorted to. It sometimes leads to ambiguity (E. Gr. p. 116); and when carried to excess has a vulgar effect. It is less common now than it was in the preceding century; and in the writers of that period sentences may often be met with which, to our ear, would be improved by the substitution of a Demonstrative for a Relative Pronoun, e.g.— "A fellow with a bundle of straw for my bed attended, who led me along a dark, narrow passage into a room, paved like a common prison," (V. of W. ch. xiii.) It would certainly be more in accordance with modern idiom to say A fellow with a bundle of straw for my bed attended; and he led me along, &c. § 12. Sometimes young writers use the connectives, who, which, &c., from a dread of short sentences. This is a groundless fear. There is more reason to be afraid of long sentences than of short ones. Further, the Relative should not be used as a connective unless the connection between the two sentences is close. Take, for example, the passages from Goldsmith on p. 11. In Nos. 2, 3, 4, the connection is very close, and the use of the Relative is both natural and elegant. But in No. 1 the connection is less close, and the sentence would read quite as well thus: The blow did the Saracen very little injury; but the Saracen, lifting up his sword, fairly struck off the poor dwarf's arm. § 13. CONNECTION OF SENTENCES BY MEANS OF CAUSAL CONJUNCTIONS: because, therefore, for, as, since, whereas, seeing that, in order that, that, lest. (E. Gr. § 179.) These Conjunctions denote the dependence of one sentence upon another. The student should observe the difference between the relation of sentences thus connected, and that which exists between Co-ordinate sentences. Take two simple co-ordinate sentences, as:— 1. Oxygen is a widely diffused gas. 2. Hydrogen is a widely diffused gas. Here it is clear that the one statement is quite independent of the other; and it is only for the sake of brevity that we combine them and say, Oxygen and hydrogen are widely diffused gases. On the other hand, take such a complex sentence as the following: She had gone there . . . because she had been told to do so. Here it is clear that the two sentences are related to each other in quite a different way. The facts are not independent of each other, neither are the sentences. The Îatter clause, "she had been told to do so," denotes the circumstances under which the action ("she had gone there") took place; and attaches itself to the former clause or Principal Sentence in the manner of an Adverb or Adverbial phrase; as if it were said, "she had gone obediently," or "submissively," or "unhesitatingly." EXAMPLES OF SENTENCES CONNECTED BY CAUSAL CONJUNCTIONS. 1. "As the honour of a noble family is concerned, I will say no more on the subject." (Scott.) 2. "Though [he was] always dignified, he was ever affable.” (Trollope.) (Here the Subordinate Sentence is put first.) 3. "She had taken his breakfast to him in bed as was his custom; for he had fallen into idle ways." (Ib.) 4. "Though the place was called a hall, the house was no more than a farm-house." (Ib.) 5. "It was now very cloudy, although the stars from time to time shed a twinkling and uncertain light." (Scott.) 6. "The public road was tolerably wide and safe, so that the prospect of being benighted brought with it no real danger." (Ib.) 7. "He was known to give half-a-crown to a beggar, because he thrice called him Ellangowan, in beseeching him for a penny." (1b.) 8. "They were fond of their squire, though he had done nothing for them." (Trollope.) 9. "He was a real gentleman . . . therefore they curtsied low and bowed on his reappearance among them." (Ib.) 10. "As I will promise to say nothing more about him, you need not go on his account." (Ib.) EXERCISE 12. Break up the above complex sentences into the simple sentences of which they consist; putting the Principal Sentence first, and setting the connective by itself: thus, No. 1. I will say no more on the subject. (Princ. Sent.) The honour of a noble family is concerned. (Adv. Sent.) EXERCISE 13. Combine the following pairs of sentences, one of each pair denoting a fact, and the other a reason for or against it-so as to form of each pair one complex sentence. Conjunctions to be used: as, since, because, for; though, although. (When though or although is used, it introduces a reason for expecting the contrary of what is stated.) 1. He was regarded with approval. He had done all that was in his power. 2. He was popular with the multitude. They looked on him as one of themselves. 3. His prowess was dreaded by the foe. He was small in stature. 4. The evidence is no longer accessible. There can be no doubt of the fact. 5. He made free with his pencil in his solitary walks.-He was pronounced to be a French spy. 6. Both father and son were set at liberty. No overt act of treason could be proved against them. 7. The weather was fine. They resolved to walk home by the sands. 8. We are having uninterrupted fine weather. My men sleep in the open air. 9. He used to pray regularly for the restoration of the lawful sovereign. All opposition to the reigning house had long mouldered away. 10. The long days are of great advantage to me. I can continue work from a quarter to five till a quarter past seven in the evening. N.B. Such interdependent sentences may often be combined in more ways than one: thus No. 10, p. 13, might also stand thus, without any change of meaning— "You need not go on his account, for I will promise to say nothing more about him." |