105. 293 F. Supp. 321 (W.D. Mich 1969), reversed 417 F. 2d (6 Cir. 1969), cert. denied, 397 U.S. 980 (1970). 106. 424 F. 2d 291 (9 Cir. 1970). 107. 425 F. 2d 1037 (1970), aff'g 296 F. Supp. 266 (1969). 108. Supreme Court Reporter, 1971, Vol. 91, p. 1331. 113. See Lawrence G. Sager, "Tight Little Islands: Exclusionary Zoning, Equal Protection and the Indigent," Stanford Law Review, 1969, Vol. 21, p. 767; Schwartz, "Exclusionary Zoning," op. cit.; Note, "Snob Zoning: Must a Man's House Be a Castle?" Michigan Law Review, 1970, Vol. 69, p. 339; and Note, "The Constitutionality of Local Zoning," Yale Law Journal, 1970, Vol. 79, p. 897. 114. See, generally, "Developments in the Law-Equal Protection," Harvard Law Review, 1969, Vol. 82, p. 1065. 115. Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618 (1969). 116. 397 U.S. 471 (1970). 117. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948); Reitman v. Mulkey, 387 U.S. 269 (1967); Jones v. Mayer, 392 U.S. 409 (1968). 118. See James v. Valtierra, supra, for a 1971 Supreme Court decision on this question. 119. 314 U.S. 160 (1941). 120. Supra, note 109. 121. 15 N.J. 238, 104 A. 2d 441 (1954). 122. 237 Md. 398, 206 A. 2d 678 (Ct. App. 1965). 123. See also in this regard, Note, "Zoning Against the Public Welfare: Judicial Limitations on Municipal Parochialism," Yale Law Journal, 1962, Vol. 71, p. 720. 124. 395 U.S. 701 (1969). 125. 395 U.S. 621 (1969). 126. This argument is articulated fully in Note, "The Constitutionality of Local Zoning," op. cit., p. 896. 127. P.L. 250 (1969 Adj. Sess.); Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. v. 16, tit. 38, as amended 1970. 128. These acts are fully discussed in Note, "Snob Zoning: Massachusetts and New Jersey," Harvard Journal Legislation, 1970, p. 246. 129. Wolf Von Eckardt, "Building New Towns to Save Old Cities," Washington Post, March 22, 1970. 130. 73 U.S. (6 Wall.) 35 (1868). 131. 314 U.S. 160 (1941). 132. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964). 133. 394 U.S. 618 (1969). 134. Private property can even be taken from one owner by the government and transferred to another private party, as part of an urban renewal program. See Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954). 135. 323 U.S. 214 (1944). 136. For a summary of the case law on Indians, see Norman J. Small and Lester S. Jayson, The Constitution of the United States of America, Analysis and Interpretation, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1964), pp. 295-96 and 483-84. 137. The expatriation cases are summarized in William B. Lockhart, Yale Kamisar and Jesse Chaper, Constitutional Law: Cases-Comments-Questions (St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 3rd ed. 1970), pp. 1432-1440. 138. See Wallace G. Mendelson, “Judicial Review and Party Politics," Vanderbilt Law Review, 1959, Vol. 12, p. 447; and John Roche, Courts and Rights-The American Judiciary in Action, op. cit. 139. Leon Dugnit, Law in the Modern State (New York: Howard Fertig and Co., 1919), p. 26. 140. James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (New York: Macmillan, 1914 ed.), p. 243. 141. Alexander Pekelis, "The Case for a Jurisprudence of 142. Henry George, Progress and Poverty (New York: Doubleday and Co., 1879), ch. 8. 143. This idea is more fully developed in Arthur S. Miller, "Toward A Concept of Constitutional Duty," 1968 Supreme Court Review, p. 199. 144. Compare Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U.S. 12 (1956), requiring that transcripts be provided gratis to indigent criminals. 145. This idea is fully developed in Gerald Gunther and Noel Dowling, Constitutional Law: Case and Comments (Mineola, N.Y.: Foundation Press, Inc., 1970). 146. Tate v. Short, 401 U.S. 395 (1971). 147. Levy v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 68 (1968). 148. Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618 (1969). 149. 323 U.S. 214 (1944). 150. 290 U.S. 398 (1934). 151. Carl Friedrich, Constitutional Reason of State (Providence: Brown Univ. Press, 1957), pp. 4-5. 152. The legal literature is sparse indeed on the emergency powers of government. See, however, Clinton Rossiter, Constitutional Dictatorship (paper ed.; New York: Harcourt Brace and World, Inc., 1963) and Friedrich, Constitutional Reason of State, op. cit. 153. See Mendelson, "Judicial Review and Party Politics," Vanderbilt Law Review, 1959, Vol. 12, p. 447. 154. John Roche, Courts and Rights-The American Judiciary in Action (New York: Random House, 1961), p. 46. 155. Note, "Legal Analysis and Population Control," Harvard Law Review, 1971, Vol. 84, p. 1856. 156. See Arthur S. Miller, "Change and the Constitution," 1970 Law and Social Action, 1970, p. 270. 157. Charles Hughes, The Supreme Court of the United States (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1966, c. 1928). 158. Certainly the Employment Act of 1946, supra, is such a statute. 159. Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137 (1803). 160. For discussion of the Supreme Court, see inter alia Martin Shapiro, Law and Politics in the Supreme Court (New York: Free Press, 1964); Philip Kurland, Politics, the Constitution, and the Warren Court (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1970); Robert McCloskey, The American Supreme Court (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1960); Charles Black, Perspectives in Constitutional Law (revised ed; Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970). 161. In Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1 (1949). 162. Compare Robert Horn, Groups and the Constitution, op. cit. 163. See Arthur S. Miller and Ronald Howell, "The Myth of Neutrality in Constitutional Adjudication," University of Chicago Law Review, 1960, Vol. 27, p. 661. 164. Compare Arthur S. Miller, "On the Choice of Major Premises in Supreme Court Opinions," Journal of Public Law, 1965, Vol. 14, p. 251. 165. A. Bickel, The Supreme Court and the Idea of Progress (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, Inc., 1970). 166. See work cited in note 171, infra. 167. Felix Frankfurter, "The Judicial Process and the Supreme Court," Of Law and Men, P. Elman ed. (Hamden, Conn.: Shoe String Press, 1956). 168. See Arthur S. Miller, "On the Need for Impact Analysis of Supreme Court Decisions," Georgetown Law Journal, 1965, Vol. 53, p. 365. 169. Rupert Crawshay-Williams, Methods and Criteria of Reasoning: An Inquiry into the Structure of Controversy (New York: Humanities Press, Inc., 1957). 170. Paul Mishkin, "The High Court, the Great Writ, and the Due Process of Time and Law," Harvard Law Review, 1965, Vol. 79, p. 56. 171. See Arthur S. Miller and Alan Scheflin, "The Power of the Supreme Court in the Age of the Positive State," Duke Law Journal, 1967, pp. 273 and 522. 172. Compare Martin Shapiro, Law and Politics in the Supreme Court (New York: Free Press, 1964). 173. FPC v. Hope Natural Gas Co., 320 U.S. 591 (1944). 174. See Arthur S. Miller, The Supreme Court and American Capitalism (New York: Free Press, 1968). 175. 360 U.S. 109 (1959). 341 U.S. 494 (1951). 176. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952). Participation and Conflict in Making American ABSTRACT This paper deals with the anatomy of population policy making in the United States. It identifies the types of individuals, institutions, and resources involved in the process. It speculates on how the quality of participation in the policy discourse influences its contents and boundaries. The paper concludes that the compact and limited quality of participation in the policy process yields a discourse that tends to exclude controversial policy alternatives. |