Solar Electricity: Engineering of Photovoltaic Systems

acid active material angle angular aperture antireflective coating battery blocking diode calculated capacity carriers celestial sphere characteristics charge circuit coefficient components connected consumption conventional corresponding cost cycling daily irradiation DC-DC DC-DC converter density depends device diffuse radiation diode earth electricity electrolyte electrons emissions equation example fill factor gassing greater grid growth horizontal surface hourly irradiation I-V curve illumination inclined surface increase installation inverter lead-acid battery load Madrid maximum power maximum-power point method mismatch losses monocrystalline Monthly mean normally obtained open-circuit voltage operating conditions optical concentration overcharge p-n junction parallel resistance parameters photocurrent photons photovoltaic applications photovoltaic modules photovoltaic system plates poor countries power output problem produced pumping recombination refractive index region semiconductor series resistance short-circuit current shown in Figure solar cell solar energy solar radiation standard conditions Table typical V₁ variation W/m² wafers zone