underwent, not one or two, but many sufferings; till, at last, being martyred, he went to the place of glory that was due unto him. For the same cause did Paul, in like manner, receive the reward of his patience. Seven times he was in bonds; he was whipped-was stoned; he preached both in the East and in the West, leaving behind him the glorious report of his faith; and so, having taught the whole world righteousness, and for that end travelled even unto the utmost bounds of the West, he at last suffered martyrdom by the command of the governors, and departed out of the world, and went unto his holy place, being become a most eminent pattern of patience unto all ages. To these holy Apostles were joined a very great number of others, who, having through envy undergone, in like manner, many pains and torments, have left a glorious example to us. For this, not only men, but women have been persecuted; and, having suffered very grievous and cruel punishments, have finished the course of their faith with firmness."3

Hermas, saluted by Saint Paul in his Epistle to the Romans, in a piece very little connected with historical recitals, thus speaks: "Such as have believed, and suffered death for the Name of

⚫ Clem. ad. Cor. c. v. vi. Abp. Wake's Trans.

Christ, and have endured with a ready mind, and have given up their lives with all their hearts." 4

Polycarp, the disciple of John (though all that remains of his works be a very short epistle), has not left this subject unnoticed. "I exhort," says he, "all of you, that ye obey the word of righteousness, and exercise all patience, which ye have seen set forth before your eyes, not only

4 Shepherd of Hermas, 1. iii. c. xxviii.

Modern criticism has, not without reason, assigned the Shepherd" of Hermas, not to the contemporary of St. Paul, but to a writer of the second century, the brother of Pius I., Bishop of Rome. Its style and contents are hardly consistent with the simplicity of the Apostolic age. Fragments only of the Greek original exist in the writings of the early Fathers: our knowledge of it as a whole is derived from a Latin version, the author of which is unknown, but which is of great antiquity. It cannot, of course, be cited as contemporary testimony to the sufferings of Christians in the first age of the Church; nor can the epistle of Polycarp, who likewise lived in the second century; nor, for the same reason, that of Ignatius, quoted by Paley. Even the identity of Clement, the author of the Epistle to the Corinthians, with the Clement mentioned by St. Paul (Phil. iv. 3), has been matter of debate among Protestant writers, though not so among Roman Catholic. There can be no question, however, as to the great antiquity of this epistle, which dates probably from the end of the first century. But if not strictly "companions," these early writers were certainly "immediate followers" of the Apostles, and faithfully transmitted the story of the first Christians as it was received in the Church.-EDITOR.

in the blessed Ignatius, and Lorimus, and Rufus, but in others among yourselves, and in Paul himself and the rest of the Apostles; being confident in this, that all these have not run in vain, but in faith and righteousness; and are gone to the place that was due to them from the Lord, with whom also they suffered. For they loved not this present world, but Him who died, and was raised again by God for us.'

"5

Ignatius, the contemporary of Polycarp, recognizes the same topic, briefly indeed, but positively and precisely. "For this cause" (that is, having felt and handled Christ's body after His resurrection, and being convinced, as Ignatius expresses it, both by His flesh and spirit), "they" (that is, Peter, and those who were present with Peter at Christ's appearance) "despised death and were found to be above it."6

Would the reader know what a persecution in these days was, I would refer him to a circular letter, written by the Church of Smyrna soon after the death of Polycarp, who, it will be remembered, had lived with St. John; and which letter is entitled a relation of that bishop's martyrdom. "The sufferings," say they, "of all the other martyrs were blessed and generous,

5 Pol. ad. Phil. c. ix.

6 Ep. Smyr. c. iii.

which they underwent according to the will of God. For so it becomes us, who are more religious than others, to ascribe the power and ordering of all things unto Him. And, indeed, who can choose but admire the greatness of their minds, and that admirable patience, and love of their Master, which then appeared in them? Who, when they were so flayed with whipping, that the frame and structure of their bodies were laid open to their very inward veins and arteries, nevertheless endured it. In like manner, those who were condemned to the beasts, and kept a long time in prison, underwent many cruel torments, being forced to lie upon sharp spikes laid under their bodies, and tormented with divers other sorts of punishments; that so, if it were possible, the tyrant, by the length of their sufferings, might have brought them to deny Christ."7

Rel. Mor. Pol, c. ii.

CHAPTER V.

THERE IS SATISFACTORY EVIDENCE THAT MANY, PROFESSING ΤΟ BE ORIGINAL WITNESSES OF THE CHRISTIAN MIRACLES, PASSED THEIR LIVES IN LABOURS, DANGERS, AND SUFFERINGS, VOLUNTARILY UNDERGONE IN ATTESTATION OF THE ACCOUNTS WHICH THEY DELIVERED, AND SOLELY IN CONSEQUENCE OF THEIR BELIEF OF THOSE ACCOUNTS; AND THAT THEY ALSO SUBMITTED, FROM THE SAME MOTIVES, TO NEW RULES OF CONDUCT.

On the history, of which the last chapter contains an abstract, there are a few observations which it may be proper to make, by way of applying its testimony to the particular propositions for which we contend.

I. Although our Scripture history leaves the general account of the Apostles in an early part of the narrative, and proceeds with the separate account of one particular Apostle, yet the information which it delivers so far extends to the rest, as it shows the nature of the service. When