tion. From their cultural characteristics these were believed to be nonpathogenic strains.

It was found that in a dextrose-yeast-peptone medium, pathogenic streptococci reached a limiting hydrogen ion concentration of from 5.4 to 6, while a nonpathogenic strain reached a concentration of from pH 4.5 to 4.9. It is thought that this difference in limiting hydrogen ion concentration, together with other characteristics such as hemolytic power and the fermentation of carbohydrates and other substances, may serve as an important differential characteristic between pathogenic and nonpathogenic streptococci. The value of the determination of hydrogen ion concentration in the study of fermentation is emphasized.

Further study on the cultural conditions of Leptospira (Spirocheta) icterohæmorrhagiæ, H. NOGUCHI (Jour. Expt. Med., 27 (1918), No. 5, pp. 593–608).— The author finds that the presence of suitable animal or human serum is essential for the cultivation of L. icterohæmorrhagia, which is an obligatory aerobe.

The survival of Leptospira (Spirochæta) icterohæmorrhagiæ in nature; observations concerning microchemical reactions and intermediary hosts, H. NOGUCHI (Jour. Expt. Med., 27 (1918), No. 5, pp. 609-625).—The larvæ and adults of the Culex mosquito, the larvæ of the house fly and bluebottle fly, wood ticks (Dermacentor venustus [andersoni]), and leeches failed to become carriers of the spirochetes when fed on infected guinea pigs or their organs; that is, they can not play the part of an intermediary host of L. icterohemorrhagiæ. Morphological characteristics and nomenclature of Leptospira (Spirocheta) icterohæmorrhagiæ (Inada and Ido), H. NOGUCHI (Jour. Expt. Med., 27 (1918), No. 5, pp. 575-592, pls. 5, fig. 1)." The present study deals with the morphology and systematic position of the causative agent of infectious jaundice. There are several features which are not found in any of the hitherto known genera of Spirochetoidea which led me to give this organism an independent generic name, Leptospira, denoting the peculiar minute elementary spirals running throughout the body. The absence of a definite terminal flagellum or any flagella and the remarkable flexibility of the terminal or caudal portion of the organism are other distinguishing features. Unlike all other so-called spirochetes the present organism resists the destructive action of 10 per cent saponin. "A detailed comparative study of related genera, including Spirochata, Saprospira, Cristispira, Spironema, and Treponema, has been given with the view of bringing out more strongly the contrast between them and the new genus.

"A study has been made to discover whether any differential features exist among the strains of L. icterohæmorrhagia derived from the American, Japanese, and European sources, but none has been found. It is hoped that the creation of a new genus may facilitate a more exact morphological description than has hitherto been possible, due to the vague use of the term Spirocheta which indiscriminately covered at least six large genera of spiral organisms." A streptothrix isolated from the blood of a patient bitten by a weasel (Streptothrix putorii), G. F. DICK and RUTH TUNNICLIFF (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 23 (1918), No. 2, pp. 183–187, fig. 1).-In the case here reported the clinical picture was similar to that of rat-bite fever, but the streptothrix (S. putorii) differs both morphologically and culturally from the organism associated with that disease (S. muris-ratti).

The evolution of views on gas infections, M. WEINBURG and P. SÉGUIN (Bul. Inst. Pasteur, 16 (1918), Nos. 1, pp. 1–8; 2, pp. 41–52).—In reviewing the prewar views of gas infections, it is pointed out that two species (?) alone were sup

posed to cause such infections, namely, Bacillus perfringens and B. adematis maligni (the "vibrion septique" of Pasteur), and that they have always been considered separately.

The problem of acute infectious jaundice in the United States, M. H. NEILL (Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 33 (1918), No. 19, pp. 717–726).—A summary of information on this disease, including brief reference to its prevalence among troops in Europe and the occurrence of Spirochata icterohemorrhagia in wild rats in this country. A bibliography of 22 titles is included.

The causes of tuberculosis, L. COBBETT (Cambridge, Eng.: University Press, 1917, pp. XVI+707, pls. 25, figs. 7).—The several chapters of this work deal with the subject as follows: The tribute exacted by tuberculosis, the decline of tuberculosis, the extent to which each sex has shared in the decline of tu berculosis, the etiology of tuberculosis, portals of entry of tubercle bacilli (prenatal and post-natal infection), the relation between animal and human tu berculosis, the means of distinguishing the three types of tubercle bacilli one from another, the stability of type of tubercle bacilli in artificial culture, the stability of type of tubercle bacilli in the animal body, the susceptibility to tuberculosis of various animal species, tuberculosis in man-the types of th bercle bacilli which cause it, and the part played by bovine infection in human tuberculosis.

Tuberculin and mallein. Tuberculinization and malleinization, C. LÓPEZ and J. G. ARMENDARITZ (Rev. Hig. y Sanidad Pecuarias [Spain], 8 (1918), No. 6-7, pp. 373–454).-This is an historical survey of the subject. Part 1 consists of the history, evolution, and actual state of tuberculin and the present method of its preparation and use. In part 2 mallein and the various methods of malleinization are discussed in a similar manner.

Contagious abortion in cattle, A. THEILER (Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 15 (1918), No. 3, pp. 268–278).—This is a general discussion of the subject.

Mastitis of the cow, S. WALL. trans. by W. J. CROCKER (Philadelphia and Low don: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1918, pp. XI+166, figs. 29; rev. in Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 53 (1918), No. 4, pp. 558-560).—This is a translation of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 283). The subject is dealt with under the following headings: The udder of the cow, mastitis in general, mastitis caused by external force, infectious mastitis in general, types of infection, udder streptomycosis, udder staphylomycosis, udder colibacillosis, udder pyobacil losis, udder tuberculosis (pp. 87-105), udder actinomycosis, udder necrobacil losis, clinical diagnosis of mastitis, autopsy, importance of mastitis to milk control, the importance of mastitis to meat inspecton, post-mortem report, and a few reports of contagious udder infections.

The review is by V. A. Moore.

Studies in bovine mastitis.-I, Nonhemolytic streptococci in inflammation of the udder, F. S. JONES (Jour. Expt. Med., 28 (1918), No. 2, pp. 149-167).—“It seems clearly established that nonhemolytic streptococci are responsible for a considerable number of cases of bovine mastitis. Of the 81 animals examined, 31 were suffering from infections of this type. The lesions produced in invaded quarters varied from an involvement of only the lining epithelium of the large milk ducts to severe degeneration and necrosis of the secreting epithelium. In one instance a considerable portion of the glandular elements had been replaced with connective tissue.

"The streptococci fall into two groups when their action on the various carbohydrates is considered. Thirty-four strains fermented dextrose, lactose, saecharose, maltose, and salicin; 5 others attacked the first four sugars but failed

to produce acid salicin. All mastitis streptococci failed to act upon raffinose, inulin, or mannite. One species isolated from a mammary abscess produced acid in all the carbohydrates.

"All the strains were agglutinated with an antiserum prepared from one typical strain. The agglutination titer varied over wide limits, although all the streptococci were agglutinated at a dilution of 1:500.

"None of the strains inoculated proved pathogenic for rabbits. A pig fed on the milk from two typical cases of mastitis remained well."

The treatment of English redwater by intravenous injection of tartar emetic, G. H. GIBBINGS and S. STOCKMAN (Jour. Compar. Path. and Ther., 30 (1917), No. 4, pp. 316–320).-The authors report upon 84 cases treated by a single injection into the jugular vein of 16 grains of tartar emetic dissolved in 2 oz. of water, i. e., a 2 per cent solution. Of the 9 fatal cases 2 were treated with the drug on the first day symptoms were observed and the other 7 fatalities occurred among animals that did not receive the drug before the third day of illness. Piroplasma divergens is said to have been the parasite present in practically all the cases. It is pointed out that in cases of tropical piroplasmosis trypanblue is a specific, but in cases of English redwater due to P. divergens it does not seem to exert the same specific action.

Bracken poisoning in cattle in Great Britain, S. STOCKMAN (Jour. Compar. Path. and Ther., 30 (1917), No. 4, pp. 311–316).—In feeding experiments with an 8-month-old bull calf 10 lbs. of Pteris aquilina shoots, cut and fed daily with other food for 29 days and entirely consumed for 26 days, caused death.

Claviceps paspali poisoning in cattle, R. PAINE (Abs. in Vet. Rec., 30 (1917), No. 1525, p. 128).—A brief report on the poisoning of cattle by C. paspali, a form of ergot which occurs on Paspalum dilatatum, a grass widely grown in the Union of South Africa. Characteristic symptoms of ergot poisoning are produced.

The etiology and specific prophylaxis of exudative pleuropneumonia of the goat, N. MORI (Nuovo Ercolani, 21 (1916), April 30, pp. 196-198; May 10, pp. 205–211; May 20, pp. 221–228; abs. in Rev. Hig. y Sanidad Vet. [Spain], 6 (1916), No. 4, pp. 341-343; Vet. Rec., 30 (1917), No. 1521, pp. 90, 91).—A report of studies of a disease of the goat in southern and central Italy which the author has identified with the boufrida of Algeria and with infectious pleuropneumonia of Germany.

Hog cholera: Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis, F. ROSENBUSCH, J. ZABALA, and R. GONZALEZ (La Peste Porcina: Sintomas, Diagnóstico, Tratamiento y Profilaxis. Buenos Aires: Inst. Biol. Soc. Rural Argentina, 1918, pp. 24, figs. 21).—This is a discussion of the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of hog cholera. It contains several colored illustrations of lesions of various organs caused by the disease.

Contagious septicemia of the pig in Morocco, H. VELU (Bul. Soc. Path. Exot., 11 (1918), No. 2, pp. 117–124; abs. in Trop. Vet. Bul., 6 (1918), No. 2, pp. 126, 127). A report of investigations of this disease, of which very serious and markedly contagious outbreaks occurred in several herds of pigs in the Chaouia region of Morocco in 1917.

Common parasites of swine, J. T. E. DINWOODIE (S. Dak. Col. Agr. Ext. Circ. 8 (1918), pp. 16, figs. 8).—A popular summary of information on the more important parasites of swine and means for their control.

Contagious abortion in mares and joint-ill in foals: Etiology and serum treatment, J. M. M'FADYEAN and J. T. EDWARDS (Jour. Compar. Path. and Ther., 30 (1917), No. 4, pp. 321–366, figs. 2).—The authors' conclusions drawn from the investigations here reported, including 172 cases with symptoms of joint affec

tion and 21 cases without distinct joint affection but with pervious urachus or suppurating navel, are as follows:

"The common cause of abortion in mares and of joint-ill in foals in Great Britain is the Bacillus abortivo-equinus. The treatment of cases of joint-ill and navel-ill by means of a serum obtained from horses hyperimmunized against this bacillus has yielded encouraging results."

Sclerostomes as a cause of debility, H. KIRK (Vet. Jour., 74 (1918), No. 516, pp. 202-205).-The author presents evidence to show that sclerostomes are responsible for much of the debility among horses, the mortality from which dur ing the war is said to have been colossal.

Strongylidæ in horses, W. YORKE and J. W. S. MACFIE (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 12 (1918), No. 1, pp. 79-92, figs. 12).—In continuation of the paper previously noted (E. S. R., 39, p. 686) the authors consider Gyalocephalus capitatue, which has been found by them in small numbers in 5 horses, and describe @. equi, found in small numbers in 3 horses, as new to science.

Poisoning of horses by corn-cockle (Agrostemma githago), BOISSIÈRE (Bul. Soc. Cent. Méd. Vét., 93 (1917), No. 22, pp. 465–467; abs. in Vet. Rev., 2 (1918), No. 2, p. 201).-The author reports upon seven cases poisoned by feeding a ration including grain containing 20 per cent of corn-cockle seed. One animal died but showed no specific lesions on post-mortem examination. Treatment consisted of tapping the cecum and administration of tincture of opium.

Notes on the acanthocephalid and arthropod parasites of the dog in North America, M. C. HALL and M. WIGDOR (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 53 (1918), No. 4, pp. 493-500, figs. 3).—The authors present notes on Acanthocephala and Arthropoda recorded as attacking the dog. Echinorhynchus canis, originally described from San Antonio, Tex., in 1909, is recorded as having been collected at College Station, indicating that it is established in Texas.

Studies on fowl cholera.-V, The toxins of Bacillus avisepticus, P. B. HAD LEY (Jour. Bact., 3 (1918), No. 3, pp. 277–291).—This is a continuation of studies previously reported from the Rhode Island Experiment Station (E. S. R., 31, p. 781).

The present paper reports the results of an investigation in regard to discrepancies in results obtained by Bull' and by the author in regard to the toxicity of cultures of the fowl cholera bacterium. Agglutination and culture tests demonstrated that Bull's culture was a strain of the fowl typhoid bac terium and not a representative of the fowl cholera or hemorrhagic septicemis group. Cultures of the fowl cholera bacterium were again proved to be nontoxic and not opsonized into phagocytosis.

A contribution to the study of Syngamus bronchialis, W. FEUEREISSEN (408, in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 (1917), No. 4, p. 607; Clin. Vet. [Milan], Rass. Pol. Sanit. e Ig., 40 (1917), No. 13, pp. 398, 399; Vet. Rec., 30 (1917), No. 1522, p. 100).—A brief report of the occurrence of this parasite in a young goose from a flock of 25 which had fallen ill and many of which died with symptoms of asthma, loss of appetite, and debility. Seventytwo individual strongylids were found in the trachea of this goose.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

From the trenches to the furrows, E. BLANCHARD (Des Tranchées aux Sillons. Saint-Étienne, France: Libr. Chevalier, 1917, pp. 157).—This book deals with the question of intensifying agricultural production and increasing the financial resources of France after the war. The author recommends compulsory agri cultural education, rural solidarity expressed by cooperative societies, a rear

1 Jour. Expt. Med., 24 (1916), No. 1, pp. 25–33.

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ganization of the French Department of Agriculture on the basis of decentralization, the Taylor system applied to agriculture as well as to industry, and special arrangements for irrigation, especially between the Loire and the Rhone. He also recommends a closer study of losses through climatic, meteorological, physiological, and parasitic causes.

Ways of making southern mountain farms more productive, J. H. ARNOLD (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bul. 905 (1918), pp. 28, figs. 10).-The region studied in the southern Alleghenies, is comparatively thickly populated with people who make their main living by farming. The farms range in size from 40 to 200 acres, usually with a small area in cultivation and little pasture for live stock, and often produce no more than a scant living for the farmer. Corn is the chief crop grown. Usually part of the farm lies idle, being "rested," while corn is grown on another part year after year until the land is worn out.

The publication shows the distribution of the land on several farms representing typical sections of the region. The following figures are given as typical of small mountain farms in the more thickly populated districts of eastern Kentucky: Woods 48 acres, idle land “resting" or partly in pasture 20, corn 12, hay or other forage 2, oats 1, house and barn one-half, garden one-half, and sorghum, potatoes, beans, and orchard one-fourth acre each.

In a few localities there have developed markets for special farm products, such as vegetables and small fruits, cured meats, poultry, and dairy products, especially cheese. Suggestions for better management include improving the cropping system, increasing the live stock, and the use of manure and lime. Directions are given for burning lime where limestone is available. The author gives complete directions for starting a crop rotation and for replanning the cropping system on a typical farm and making provisions for pasture for hogs. He also gives suggestions for improving the management of a small grazing farm.

A study of farming in southwestern Kentucky, J. H. ARNOLD (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 713 (1918), pp. 19).-The author found the average labor income of the 342 farms studied to be $356.55, and the average land earnings $3.14 per acre, net. The average for the 140 most successful farms was $6.14 per acre. By the analysis of returns from live stock it was shown that farms having the equivalent of one cow or horse to seven or eight acres of land were almost invariably the more profitable, and crop yields increased with the increased amount of live stock kept on a given area of land. The average of the farms showed $107.57 in net receipts made for each $100 worth of products fed, valuing the latter at farm prices and including the farmer's estimate of the charge for pasture. The average of the best 39 farms showed $226 net receipts for each $100 worth of feed, while the average of 46 farms showing greatest loss was $33 loss for each $100 worth of feed.

The wheat crop was more important on the larger farms. A tendency to make dairying an important enterprise was shown on farms of 200 to 300 acres in size, yet the strictly dairy type of farm is not generally recommended. About 12 per cent of the crop area on the average small farm and 6 to 8 per cent on the large farms is given to tobacco. The most important crops in this section are winter wheat, dark tobacco, corn, timothy, and red clover, with the more recent additions of cowpeas, soy beans, and lespedeza.

A study of five individual farms, the smallest consisting of 89 acres and the largest of 1,091 acres, is included as illustrating good standards for the organization of farms in the area studied.

A five-year farm management survey in Palmer Township, Washington County, Ohio, 1912-1916, H. H. HAWTHORNE (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 716 (1918), pp. 53, pls. 2, figs. 13).-This bulletin presents a study of a farm management