period it was slightly warmer inside the tent than outside. If the outside temperature remained constant for a few hours the inside temperature soon reached the same point, while if the outside temperature dropped quickly and rose again in a short time the difference between the two minima was from 4 to 7° F. For the whole period the relative humidity outside the tent was slightly higher than inside. This is accounted for in part by the occurrence of frequent early morning fogs in the region of the studies which may not have readily penetrated the tent, and in part by the somewhat higher average temperature, 1.27°, inside the tent.

Soil samples to a depth of 6 ft. were taken at intervals from December, 1913, to October, 1914, usually just before the regular orchard irrigations. The average moisture content of the first 3 ft. of soil inside the tent was higher than that of the comparative soil area outside. In the lower 3 ft. the soil moisture was practically the same inside the tent as outside.

Individual yield records were kept of a number of trees included in the shaded area before the tent was erected. These data, together with data secured on yields after the tent was erected, indicate that shading did not materially increase the total production per tree but did result in a higher production of green fruits by the trees inside the tent as compared with those outside. Another effect of shading the trees was to develop a larger proportion of the crop during the winter and fall periods as compared with their production during the spring and summer period than was the case with the trees in the nonshaded plat. It is pointed out that lemons are usually sold for higher prices in the spring and summer months than during the winter months.

A maturity standard for citrus fruits, F. LÓPEZ (Rev. Agr. Puerto Rico, 1 (1918), No. 3, pp. 101-108).-The results are given of a study of changes taking place in grapefruit before and after maturity. The study, which was started by W. B. Cady in 1915 and continued by the author, was conducted with special reference to determining the proper time to pick grapefruit for shipment in order to comply with the Federal law relative to the ratio of sugar to acid. Analyses made show that such varieties as Marsh Seedless and Duncan will not come to a proper state of maturity in Porto Rico until after November 15, whereas the Triumph sometimes matures in September and sometimes earlier. Practically the entire percentage of acid is formed by the commencement of maturity, although in some varieties small quantities of acid are formed after maturity.

The percentage of acid decreases gradually as the fruit matures. The total sugar content increases until the fruit reaches maturity, after which it is practically constant. The proportion of invert sugar to sucrose is constant until the fruit matures, after which the invert sugar increases and the sucrose diminishes. The solids in solution increase continually as the season pro

gresses.

The only change of importance after the fruit is removed from the tree and during the curing process is the inversion of the sucrose.

The theory and practice of sanitary precautions in grove and packing house operations, J. C. HOLTON (Quart. Bul. Plant Bd. Fla., 2 (1918), No. 4, pp. 161-179). This paper discusses the methods of preventing decay and loss of citrus fruit during the processes of picking, handling, and packing.

Growing medicinal plants in America, A. S. CUSHMAN (Jour. Franklin Inst., 186 (1918), No. 3, pp. 267–278, figs. 8).—A paper on this subject presented at the meeting of the Franklin Institute, April 17, 1918, in which the author describes some of the conditions and difficulties encountered in the attempt to develop the culture of medicinal plants in America.

Sequence of the first blooming of the rose collection, spring of 1918, MARGARET V. SEXTON (Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 19 (1918), No. 223, pp. 149-159).-This comprises a record of the first flowering of 359 kinds of bush roses in the new rose garden of the New York Botanical Garden. The record was started primarily for comparison during subsequent years.

The small place: Its landscape architecture, ELSA REHMANN (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1918, pp. XXII+164, pls. 90).-With the view of pointing out the fundamentals that underlie the planning and planting of the small place, the author here discusses in detail 15 problems in landscape architecture that have been worked out by various landscape architects.

FORESTRY.

Miscellaneous conifers of the Rocky Mountain region, G. B. SUDWORTH (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 680 (1918), pp. 44, pls. 22).-This bulletin deals with the distinguishing characteristics, forest habits, and geographic distribution of all larch, hemlock, false hemlock, incense cedar, arborvitæ, and yew trees that grow naturally within the Rocky Mountain region. Keys for the indentification of genera and species are included.

Utilization of elm, W. D. BRUSH (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 683 (1918), pp. 43, pls. 4, figs. 8).—An account of the commercial species of elm with reference to the characteristics and structure of elm wood, supply and consumption, utilization by various industries, grading rules for elm, lumber and stumpage values, markets, elm in the woodlot, and classified uses of elm in different wood-using industries.

An investigation of the growth in natural second-growth teak woods in north Japara, H. BEEKMAN (Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded. Proefstat. Boschw., No. 2 (1917), pp. 1-30, pl. 1).—A study of growth accretion in natural regenerated teak woods, based upon measurements of 70 sample trees which are presented in tabular form and discussed.

[Report on ornamental and economic trees], C. K. BANCROFT (Rpt. Dept. Sci. and Agr. Brit. Guiana, 1916, pp. 53-55).—A list is given of important ornamental and economic trees other than palms that flowered at the Botanic Gardens, Georgetown, Demerara, in 1916, including the months of flowering.

Woodlot improvement and the production of firewood, A. E. TAYLOR (10. Bul. Ohio Sta., 3 (1918), No. 7, pp. 215-221, figs. 3).—This paper contains praetical suggestions for improving the farm woodlot, with special reference to the utilization of wood removed in improvement work as firewood.

Farm forestry in Virginia, R. C. JONES (Va. Geol. Com., Off. State Forester Bul. 12 (1917), pp. 60).—This bulletin points out the value of woodlands on the farm; describes the important native trees of Virginia; and discusses the essentials of good farm woodlands, improvement of farm woodlands by cuttings, harvesting of mature trees on farm woodlands, starting new trees in farm woodlands, and protection of farm woodlands. The bulletin concludes with a partial list of publications for reference.

The forests of Alexandria County, Va., W. B. DUNWOODY (Va. Geol. Com., Off. State Forester Bul. 13 (1917), pp. 18, pl. 1).-This embraces the results of a survey of the forests of Alexandria County, Va., and discusses the character, products, and proper management of the forests.

The forests of Nottoway County, Va., G. D. MARCKWORTH (Va. Geol. Com., Off. State Forester Bul. 14 (1917), pp. 8).—A survey similar to the above of the forests and forest products of Nottoway County, Va.

The forests of Chesterfield County, Va., G. D. MARCKWORTH (Va. Geol. Com., Off. State Forester Bul. 15 (1917), pp. 8).—A survey similar to the above of the forests and forest products of Chesterfield County, Va.

Report of the State firewarden, C. P. WILBER (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Conserv. and Develop., N. J., 1917, pp. 103–135, pls. 2, figs. 2).—A review of the forest fire season, including a record of forest fires for the year ended November 1, 1917. Forest fires in Canada, 1914, 1915, and 1916, T. W. DWIGHT (Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bul. 64 (1918), pp. 45, figs. 17).—A statistical account of the forest fires in various parts of the country during the three seasons, 1914-1916.

Forest legislation in Canada, 1917-18 (Canad. Forestry Jour., 14 (1918), No. 7, pp. 1791-1793).—A résumé of public measures in the Provinces and in the Dominion.

Forestry in Sweden, J. A. AMILON (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 (1917), No. 11, pp. 1049-1061).-An account of forestry in Sweden, presented under the headings of area and value of the forests, forest regions, forest administration, management of the forests, forest products, forest laws, and forestry research and instruction.

Annual progress report of forest administration in the United Provinces for the forest year 1916-17, P. H. CLUTTERBUCK (Ann. Rpt. Forest Admin. United Prov. India, 1917, pp. [6]+45+LXX+7).-The usual progress report relative to the constitution, management, and administration of the State forests of the United Provinces, including a financial statement for the forest year 1916-17.

All important data relative to forest areas, forest surveys, working plans, forest protection, miscellaneous work, yields in major and minor forest prodnets, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form.

Report on the forest administration of the Central Provinces for the year 1916-17, M. HILL (Rpt. Forest Admin. Central Prov. [India], 1917, pp. 5+41+ IC). A report similar to the above relative to the administration of the State forests of the Northern, Southern, and Berar Circles of the Central Provinces for the year 1916-17.

Report on forest administration in the Andamans for the year 1916–17, F. H. CAVENDISH (Rpt. Forest Admin. Andamans, 1917, pp. [6]+39).—A report similar to the above relative to the administration of the State forests of the Andamans for the year 1916-17.

Annual report on the forest administration in Ajmer-Merwara for the year 1916-17, SAMBHOO DATT JOSHEE (Ann. Rpt. Forest Admin. Ajmer-Merwara, 1917, pp. 26).-The usual annual report (E. S. R., 37, p. 146).

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

A list of plant diseases of economic importance in Indiana, with bibliography, F. J. PIPAL (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1915, pp. 379-413).—This list and bibliography of plant diseases in Indiana is said to be intended merely as a foundation for future plant-disease surveys. With a few exceptions, the list includes all plant diseases reported in previous publications, and other diseases of which specimens have been obtained. The distribution of the diseases is usually given according to counties or to the sections of the State in which they are prevalent, or as general over the State. The diseases with their causal organisms are listed under the several hosts.

Additions to the list of plant diseases of economic importance in Indiana, G. A. OSNER (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1916, pp. 327-332).—This list, which is said to be supplementary to that of Pipal given above, represents collections made recently by the author and others. It is intended to add to the list from time to time until a fairly complete survey of Indiana has been made.

Work connected with insect and fungus pests and their control (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Rpt. Agr. Dept. Montserrat, 1916–17, pp. 26-29).—Besides a report on insect pests and their control, an account is given of the third year's experiments in spraying peanuts for the rust fungus (Uredo arachidis). This work has led to a modification of the conclusion that the fungus can be controlled properly by two applications of Bordeaux mixture, although beneficial results followed its use in all cases.

A wilt of alfalfa is noted as commonly associated with the presence of a Fusarium.

Recent developments in spraying, J. H. CARMODY (Ann. Rpt. State Hort. Soc. Mich., 46 (1916), pp. 85-100).-Discussion is noted regarding various sprays in liquid or dust form and of their employment against fungi injurious to fruitproducing interests.

Comparative efficiency of basic and acid copper sprays, J. CAPUS (Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 4 (1918), No. 2, pp. 86-90).—It is stated that Bordeaux or Burgundy mixture is completely efficacious at the moment of its application and that it remains so for some time, a 2 per cent strength of the acid form giving equally good results for both, but the efficiency of either at this strength is more rapidly lost than is that of an alkaline mixture. Acid sprays also leave larger areas of the leaf surface open to attack than do basic sprays.

A new formula for Bordeaux, G. E. SANDERS (Canad. Hort., 41 (1918), No. 5, p. 122). The author gives a brief account of the successful employment of a Bordeaux mixture made up of 2 lbs. copper sulphate and 10 lbs. lime to 40 gal. water, prepared according to a method which is said to require the handling of dry materials only and also to economize time and labor.

Dusting v. spraying in Nova Scotia, P. A. MURPHY (Canad. Hort., 41 (1918), No. 5, pp. 113, 114, fig. 1).—The somewhat conflicting results obtained up to the time of this statement are held to indicate the necessity of experimenting throughout a number of years before deciding as to the general advantage to be derived from the dust applications as a means of controlling apple scab. Data are detailed as obtained from comparative tests of dusts of various strengths, of lime-sulphur, and of a combination of lime-sulphur and Bordeaux mixture. The extent to which scab will develop in spite of the dust depends upon the season. In all but very severe outbreaks dusting seems to be effective in the United States.

Dusting experiments in 1917, V. B. STEWART (Phytopathology, 8 (1918), No. 2, pp. 63, 64).—In a previous publication (E. S. R., 36, p. 750), the author gave an account of the successful use of finely ground sulphur and powdered lead arsenate for controlling leaf diseases of nursery stock. In 1917 the experiments were repeated, the amount of lead arsenate being reduced in one case to 5 per cent, and in another case 10 per cent hydrated lime was substituted for the lead arsenate in order to reduce the cost of the mixture.

From the results obtained in undertaking the control of Fabræa maculata on quince and leaf blotch of horse-chestnut trees due to Guignardia æsculi it appears that a reduction to 5 per cent in the amount of lead arsenate did not decrease the effectiveness of the mixture. The substitution of hydrated lime for the lead arsenate, however, reduced considerably the fungicidal value of the mixture.

Dusting as means of disease and insect control, J. F. SHELDON (Ann. Rpt. State Hort. Soc. Mich., 46 (1916), pp. 42, 43).—The advantages claimed for the dust method are briefly noted.

Cronartium coleosporicides on Pedicularis grænlandica, J. R. WEIR and E. E. HUBERT (Phytopathology, 8 (1918), No. 2, p. 63).—The occurrence of C. coleosporioides on the above host is reported. In addition, it is stated that it has

been collected on Orthocarpus luteus and O. purpureo-albus, this rust being now known to occur on three genera, namely, Castilleja, Orthocarpus, and Pedicularis.

The mosaic disease of Phytolacca decandra, H. A. ALLARD (Phytopathology, 8 (1918), No. 2, pp. 51–54, figs. 2).-Attention has been previously called to a mosaic disease of the pokeweed which resembles in some respect the mosaic disease of tobacco (E. S. R., 14, p. 264). An investigation was made of the mosaic disease of pokeweed plants, and a series of tobacco plants was inoculated with the virus from pokeweed without the production of any evidence of disease.

In a study of means by which the disease might be transmitted, healthy and mosaic-diseased pokeweed and tobacco plants were grown side by side, and although aphids were active in the spread of the mosaic disease of tobacco to susceptible solanaceous plants, in no instance did the mosaic disease of pokeweed make its appearance in healthy plants until inoculated with a needle. This indicates that insects capable of acting as carriers of the infective principle were not present in the greenhouse during the time of the experiment. Two new species of Pestalozzia in Tuscany, M. SAVELLI (Bul. Soc. Bot. Ital., No. 6-7 (1917), pp. 62–68, figs. 8; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 8 (1917), No. 9, p. 1322).-The author reports a study of a fruit disease of Feijoa sellowiana in the Florence Botanical Garden in the winter of 1914-15 and a leaf spot of Quercus ilex agrifolia near Marina di Pisa in the spring of 1917. The fungi noted as apparently causal were considered to be new species and were named respectively P. feijoa and P. luca.

Rusts of Hamilton and Marion Counties, Indiana, G. W. WILSON (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1916, pp. 382, 383).—Five species are briefly noted, economic interest attaching to Coleosporium campanulæ on Campanula americana, Dicooma phlei-pratense on Phleum pratense, and D. malvacearum on Althæa rosea. Field conference of cereal pathologists, C. W. HUNGERFORD (Science, n. ser., 48 (1918), No. 1232, pp. 148-150).-A summary account is given of papers and discussions presented at the fourth annual conference of cereal pathologists, held at Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., June 19 to 21, 1918.

The effect of hydrogen peroxid in preventing the smut of wheat and oats, F. J. PIPAL (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1916, pp. 378-381).-In tests following up those reported previously (E. S. R., 36, p. 542), the author found that hydrogen peroxid, while harmless and rather stimulating as regards germination when applied to seed wheat and oats, was ineffective as regards freeing the seed of smut infection except when applied at concentrations which are practically prohibited by the expense of the treatment. Formaldehyde is said to be more effective and also to be the cheapest of disinfectants for seed grain.

Longevity of Helminthosporium teres, A. L. BAKKE (Abs. in Phytopathology, 8 (1918), No. 2, p. 80).-The resistance of spores of H. teres to unfavorable conditions was shown in an experiment in which portions of barley stems and leaves were sterilized and afterwards inoculated with spores on January 9, 1911. The tubes were examined and transfers made November 7, 1917. Visible growth and pigmentation resulted in 24 hours in case of transfer of conidia, and evidence of growth in less than 5 days from pycnospores.

A means of controlling stalk disease of wheat, HERBET and H. DEvaux (Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 3 (1917), No. 35, pp. 992-997).-Having noted the tendency of certain strains of wheat to throw out adventitious roots above the region of the stalk attacked by stalk disease fungi, and having tested the effects of hilling up the stalks, the author reports that this plan appears to offer a means of decreasing loss from stalk disease, especially if stocks favorable to the treatment be selected. Discussion of the plan is also noted.