said to be due to a Phytophthora (E. S. R., 37, p. 553). Among the measures discussed as looking to control of the trouble are Bordeaux mixture as a spray for the beds and powdered lime for the older plants.

Canning tomatoes resistant to Fusarium, J. B. S. NORTON (Trans. Peninsula Hort. Soc. [Del.], 30 (1917), pp. 77, 78).—Giving a brief account to date of attempts previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 147) to develop varieties of tomato resistant or rather tolerant to Fusarium, the author states that in four years during which he has continued this work he has been able to select several resistant strains which have thus far shown no undesirable features, yielding a good type of fruit in good quantity on infected soil. A number of these strains have been distributed among growers to be tried out in different environments and in relation to other tomato diseases and other drawbacks.

Crown rot of fruit trees: Histological studies, J. G. GROSSENBACHER (Amer. Jour. Bot., 4 (1917), No. 8, pp. 477-512, pls. 7).—The histological studies herein briefly reported are considered when taken in connection with those previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 223), to indicate that crown rot and some related bark diseases are due primarily, not to the organisms usually associated therewith, but to injuries arising when adverse environmental conditions overtake trees having immature bark in certain regions, the bark rot being due chiefly to fungi which in some cases extend from severely injured bark to adjacent living portions.

Both macroscopic and microscopic examinations indicate that excessive tensions are developed during the production of the injuries. It is considered possible that in some cases the presence of metabolized foods of insufficient concentration to permit normal growth and maturation is the most significant form of immaturity. The occurrence of droughts appears to have a significant relation to the injuries. It is suggested that an adverse period in the environment occurring at such a time stops the further accumulation of the labile components of protoplasm, and a long retention of these elementary constituents, together with the enzyms which are present, may lead to catabolic processes eventually resulting in the death of the tissues involved.

Treatment of canker of foreign fruit trees, G. d'Utra (Bol. Agr. [Sao Paulo], 18. ser., No. 7 (1917), pp. 517-521).-This is chiefly a discussion of the effects of Nectria ditissima on fruit trees and its supposed relation to woolly aphis. [Apple or cedar rust], H. S. JACKSON (Trans. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1916, pp. 56– 69, figs. 5). This includes a report, with discussion, on orchard experience with apple rust, which is said to be confined in this country to the region east of the Rocky Mountains. It is quite generally distributed throughout this area, causing serious trouble in Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The effect of severe infection may be noted in the decreased yield the next year or even the year after. Differences are noted in the susceptibility of varieties as to leaves or fruits independently each of the other. Spraying, while theoretically effective, is considered impracticable in general commercial orchards. Destruction of the cedars controls the trouble completely where it is thoroughly done, and this method is considered practicable where adequate cooperation can be secured. In particular cases, where ornamental or other interests are to be regarded, cutting off the galls, while expensive, is said to be effective.

Pear blight, C. A. McCUE (Trans. Peninsula Hort. Soc. [Del.], 30 (1917), pp. 51-55). Concluding an account of experiments made or reported, the author states that spraying with Bordeaux mixture when the trees are in bloom appears to offer some protection against pear blight.

Bacterial gummosis of stone fruits, H. F. BARSS (Mo. Bul. Com. Hort. Cal., 7 (1918), No. 3, pp. 121–136, figs. 11).—In a condensed account of experiences and

observations, in part reported previously (E. S. R., 32, p. 644), it is stated that during 1917 bacterial gummosis of stone fruits was very severe on portions of the Pacific coast. Trees 10 or 12 years old, or even older, showed severe injury, the disease, moreover, extending not only to cherry as usual, but also to prunes and peaches. This unusual virulence is ascribed, at least in part, to the late spring and to the long delay in growth activity, which checks the disease, also in part to the survival during the winter of insect carriers of the causal organism (Pseudomonas (Bacterium) cerasi).

The discussion relates to the symptoms and other features of the disease, the damage done thereby, resistance and susceptibility, and control measures. Gumming itself may result from any one or more of many causes.

The organism is intercellular only. Resistance is found to differ widely with varieties.

Bacterial gummosis of apricots (preliminary report), J. T. BARRETT (Mo. Bul. Com. Hort. Cal., 7 (1918), No. 3, pp. 137-140, figs. 4).-Examination of apricot trees affected with a gumming disease revealed close agreement with the features reported in the above-noted statement by Barss. The blossom appears to be the common, if not the principal, point of entrance for the organism. Removal of diseased bark, disinfection with corrosive sublimate (1:1,000) in 50 per cent denatured alcohol, and application of asphaltum paint apparently saved large branches, and possibly some trees. These experiments, however, are regarded as preliminary.

A new peach disease in Indiana, J. OSKAMP (Trans. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1916, pp. 430, 431, figs. 2).—A peach disease, supposed to be new and apparently due to Bacterium pruni, appeared in Indiana in 1915, being confined to a small area in the southern part of the State. The trouble appeared first as a leaf shot-hole disease, and later attacked the fruit, the dropping of which, however, was ascribed to defoliation. While trees on poor soils or in unfavorable situations were badly attacked, those on good soil locations were almost free from infection.

The immediate action and the duration of efficacy of copper sprays, J. CAPUS (Rev. Vit., 47 (1917), No. 1220, pp. 313, 314).--As bearing upon the problem of the relative efficacy of acid and basic copper sprays (E. S. R., 36, p. 650) for treatment of grape downy mildew, the author has experimented for two years with Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures applied to grape leaves. He has found that either preparation of either acid or alkaline reaction is efficacious from the moment of its application, but that the acid sprays leave more of the leaf surface open to infection and also lose their efficacy in a short time. Grapevines resistant to mildew, R. SALOMON (Rev. Vit., 47 (1917), No. 1220, pp. 314-316).-This is a brief discussion of the qualities, period of bearing, etc., of a number of grape varieties said to be resistant to mildew.

Heat injury to the avocado, F. O. POPENOE (Cal. Citrogr., 3 (1917), No. 2, p. 29). The injury done in the month of June, 1917, to avocado interests by the excessive heat is discussed. Conditions relied upon to prevent or minimize such injury are selected stock for planting, suitable shade during the first year, ample water for irrigation at the beginning of a hot period, and a 'mulch of straw as a safeguard against reflected heat.

Cacao diseases in Bahia, C. TORREND (Broteria, Ser. Bot. 15 (1917), No. 3, pp. 107–127, pls. 4, fig. 1.—The author discusses, among the known and more direct and important causes of loss now threatening the cacao industry in Bahia, various insects, along with the fungi Corticium lilacino-fuscum on the branches, also Phytophthora faberi on these and on the fruits. Among the more remote influences noted are inadequate cultivation, unfavorable soil conditions, and altitude.

Control of cacao canker, C. J. J. VAN HALL (Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded. Lab. Plantenziekten, No. 30 (1917), pp. 10, pl. 1).— Continuing to report on the operations against cacao canker in Kemiri, Pekalongan (E. S. R., 32, pp. 445, 548), the author states that cutting out the cankers and treating the wounds made thereby with 20 per cent carbolineum has given beneficial results.

During the years 1913 to 1916, the number of infections on two areas subjected to systematic treatment steadily diminished.

Notes on fungus diseases of coffee, W. J. DowWSON (Dept. Agr. Nairobi [Brit. East Africa], Bul. 2 (1917), pp. 44-48).-It is stated that the coffee disease due to Hemileia vastatrix is the only coffee leaf disease that is now of considerable importance in British East Africa, though other troubles are present, among them Cercospora coffeicola, Hymenochæte noxia, and Capnodium brasiliense.

Phoëm necrosis of Liberia coffee in Surinam, G. STAHEL (Moded. Dept. Landb. Suriname, No. 12 [1917], pp. 2).-For a root disease attacking Liberia coffee during several years past in Surinam and showing some features strongly suggesting leaf roll of potato, also sereh of sugar cane, the author proposes the descriptive designation sieve tube disease (phloëm necrosis).

Diplodia fruit rot, dieback, and gummosis of Citrus, S. C. BRUNER (Agriculture [Cuba], 1 (1917), No. 6, pp. 17-20, fig. 1).—This is a discussion of the three forms of citrus disease caused by D. natalensis, of the ways in which attack by this fungus is favored. and of protective measures therefrom, including ventilation, cooling, and avoidance as far as possible of injury.

The citrus canker danger (So. African Fruit Grower, 4 (1917), No. 2, pp. 33, 34, fig. 1).-It is stated that citrus canker is becoming increasingly serious in South Africa.

Armillaria root rot of citrus trees, J. T. BARRETT (Cal. Citrogr., 3 (1918), No. 4, pp. 77, 78, figs. 2).—Cases are referred to in which infection of citrus trees by the Armillaria root rot was traced to diseased trees of several other genera. The results of experiments in attempting to check the spread of this fungus are given, and the causes of failure are indicated.

Diseases of orange and rcse in Pernambuco, R. AVERNa-Saccá (Bol. Agr. [Sao Paulo], 18. ser., No. 5 (1917), pp. 417-425, figs. 5).—Rose is attacked by Phragmidium subcorticium, Sphærotheca pannosa, and Marsonia rosa; orange by Trichosphæria sp., Myriangium citri, and Septoria arethusa.

A new leaf-spot disease of Polygonum persicaria, P. J. O'GARA (Mycologia, 9 (1917), No. 4. p. 248, pl. 1).—A new leaf spot of P. persicaria is reported to be due to a Septoria which is claimed to be new, and which is described under the name S. persicaria.

Cryptogamic diseases of garden plants, R. AVERNA-SACCÁ (Bol. Agr. [Sao Paulo], 18. ser., 1917, Nos. 5, pp. 382-416, figs. 26; 6, pp. 486-515, figs. 24; 7, pp. 567-583, figs. 16; 8, pp. 634-654, figs. 12).-This is a discussion of diseases of garden plants according to the causal organisms, including also measures of controlling these and other injurious agencies.

Root diseases of Hevea and clean clearing, W. N. C. BELGRAVE (Agr. Bul. Fed. Malay States, 5 (1917), No. 8-9, pp. 318-326; Proc. Agr. Conf. Malaya, 1 (1917), pp. 55-63).—It is stated that since the practical accomplishment of control of root disease in the case of Fomes, it has been recently discovered that Ustulina and Poria are common and destructive parasites of Hevea. It is also stated that more recently bark cankers have caused greater concern. The fungi at present known to cause Hevea root diseases of Malaya are F. lignosus (F. semitostus), Sphærostilbe repens, U. zonata, P. hypolateritia, and Hymeno

chate noria (brown root disease). These are discussed with reference to their management, which is necessarily almost wholly preventive, as the diseases are usually not discovered until the trees are past recovery. Root fungi can not be kept from entering the wounds, but the removal of jungle stumps, isolation of diseased trees by trenching, and other measures are briefly discussed. Brown root rot [of Hevea], C. J. J. VAN HALL (Teysmannia, 28 (1917), No. 6, pp. 289–295).-The author gives a descriptive discussion of brown rot (Hymenochate noria) of Hevea as noted in various regions, with a list of contributions relating to this disease.

Notes on effect of dyes on Endothia parasitica, CAROLINE RUMBOLD (Bot. Gaz., 64 (1917), No. 3, pp. 250–252).—This is an account of experiments regarding the growth of the chestnut blight fungus (E. parasitica) in a liquid medium, Pasteur's solution, to which had been added the vital stains Congo red, trypan blue, methylene blue, and neutral red plus 7 per cent common salt, the concentration of the first three being 1:1,000, and that of the fourth being unknown. The cultures were obtained from conidia mixed with a little mycelium from a test-tube culture. The results and deductions therefrom are detailed.

It is suggested that E. parasitica may prove to be suitable material for the study of mitochondria.

[A disease of the hemlock tree due to Fomitiporia tsugina] (Mycologia, 9 (1917), No. 6, p. 370).—A fungus was observed by P. Wilson at East Hebron, N. H., on a hemlock tree which was dead and prostrate in 1917. The fungus (F. tsugina) was broadly effused over the trunk. Living hemlocks near Bristol were also found to be attacked by this fungus, which also occurs on hemlock New York. The disease is considered to require further investigation. An undescribed timber decay of pitch pine, L. O. OVERHOLTS (Mycologia, ↑ (1917), No. 5, pp. 261–270, pls. 2).—A disease which results in a characteristic decay of sapwood in Pinus rigida near State College, Pa., is ascribed to Polyporus amorphus, which has been noted also in P. strobus, P. pungens, and Truga canadensis.

Dry rot in timber, G. P. DARNELL-SMITH (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 28 (1917), No. 7, pp. 463–466).—These notes are derived largely from an article by Groom (E. S. R., 37, p. 253) previously noted.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY-ENTOMOLOGY.

Poisonous animals of the desert, C. T. VORHIES (Arizona Sta. Bul. 83 (1917), pp. 357-392, pl. 1, figs. 15).—A summary of information relating to snakes, lizards, skunks, insects, spiders, mata venado or solpugids, scorpions, and myriapods.

The control of rodent pests, C. J. SORENSON (Utah Sta. Circ. 29 (1918), p. 3-10, figs. 2).—Directions are given for the killing of ground squirrels, pocket gophers, jack rabbits, and field mice.

Sixteenth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check list of North American birds (Auk, 29 (1912), No. 3, pp. 380-387).—This comprises the first supplement to the third edition of the check list (E. S. R., 24,

A 555). Changes in the A. O. U. check list of North American birds proposed since the publication of the sixteenth supplement (Auk, 33 (1916), No. 4, *p. 425–431).—A summary of changes and additions proposed since the publi cation of the third edition of the check list (E. S. R., 24, p. 555) and the sixteenth supplement noted above,

Second annual list of proposed changes in the A. O. U. check list of North American birds, H. C. OBERHOLSER (Auk, 34 (1917), No. 2, pp. 198–205).— This comprises further additions and changes in the names of North American birds. The first annual list of proposed additions and changes is noted above. A cooperative bird census at Washington, D. C., H. C. OBERHOLSER (Wilson Bul., 29 (1917), No. 1, pp. 18-29; abs. in Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 8 (1918), No. 4, p. 97).-This is a detailed report, largely in tabular form, of a bird census taken on May 12, 1913, at the height of the spring migration in the vicinity of Washington, in which the author was assisted by 15 ornithologists. The country investigated consisted of the region within 20 miles of the city and comprised the valleys of the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers, together with their tributary streams and the adjacent uplands.

The total number of species observed was 129 and the individuals actually counted 12,257. The most numerous species in the order of their abundance were English sparrow, barn swallow, tree swallow, song sparrow, chimney swift. and catbird.

[Report on bird migration, April 1 to June 15, 1917, Washington, D. C.] H. C. OBERHOLSER (Bird Lore, 19 (1917), No. 4, pp. 211, 212).

The birds of Bawean Island, Java Sea, H. C. OBERHOLSER (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 52 (1917), pp. 183–198).

A new subspecies of Geothlypis beldingi, H. C. OBERHOLSER (Condor, 19 (1917), No. 6, pp. 182-184).-A new subspecies, G. beldingi goldmani, is here described from Lower California.

Description of a new subspecies of Perisoreus obscurus, H. C. OBERHOLSER (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30 (1917), pp. 185-188).

A remarkable martin roost in the city of Washington, H. C. OBERHOLSER (Bird Lore, 19 (1917), No. 6, pp. 315-317).

The uses of insect galls, MARGARET M. FAGAN (Amer. Nat., 52 (1918), No. 614, pp. 155–176).-This is a summary of an extensive study of the literature dealing with the uses of insect galls. A list of the common names of the insect galls which have been of any practical use-53 in number-and a bibliography of 65 titles are included.

Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, I-III.-Supplements, A. A. Girault (Mem. Queensland Mus., 2 (1913), pp. 101-139; 3 (1915), pp. 142–179).—In the supplements here given to the papers previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 563) additions have been made to the families Trichogrammatidæ (vols. 2, pp. 101106; 3, pp. 142-153), Mymaridæ (vols. 2, pp. 107-129; 3, pp. 154-169), and Elasmidæ (vols. 2, pp. 130–139; 3, pp. 170-179), which include descriptions of new genera and new species. A general supplement has been previously noted (E. S. R., 37, p. 855).

Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, IV-XIV, A. A. GIRAULT (Mem. Queensland Mus., 2 (1913), pp. 140-334; 3 (1915), pp. 180-346; 4 (1915), pp. 365). In continuation of the papers previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 563), descriptions of new genera and new species are given of the families Eulophida (vols. 2, pp. 140-296; 3, pp. 180-299), Perilampidæ (vols. 2, pp. 297-302; 3, pp. 300-312), Pteromalidæ (vols. 2, pp. 303-334; 3, pp. 313–346); and of the families Encyrtidæ (pp. 1–184), Miscogasteridæ (pp. 185-202), Cleonymidæ (pp. 203–224), Eucharide (pp. 225-237), Eurytomidæ (pp. 238-274), Callimomida (pp. 275-309), Agaonidæ (pp. 310-313), and Chalcidida (pp. 314-365) in volume 4. On the larval and pupal stages of Bibio johannis, H. M. MORRIS (Ann. Appl. Biol., 4 (1917), No. 3, pp. 91–114, pl. 1, figs. 12).-The studies here reported were conducted with larvæ of B. johannis taken from the soil of a permanent pasture in Cheshire. While several members of the family Bibionida