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trating the war's effect on Germany's industrial life —
War demand in Great Britain and her textile and steel
industries Problems of her export markets - Japan's
industrial expansion during the war-Her steel in-
dustry Her shipbuilding · Her cotton industry-
Increased effectiveness of Japanese competition and its
extent European competition - Scientific research,
business organization, and labor
--
PART II
AMERICAN COMMERCIAL POLICIES
CHAPTER VII
EQUALIZING CONDITIONS OF COMPETITION
-
Equalizing conditions of competition as a factor in tariff
policy-Infant industry" argument - Argument
for protection from military necessity-Doctrine of
free trade Diversification of industry and population
and developing the nation's productive powers- Meas-
uring competitive conditions- Monetary expenses of
production vs. costs in the sense of sacrifice- What
monetary costs include -Materials and resources
Wages vs. labor cost per unit of product- Overhead
expenses Interest Theoretical accuracy in cost ac-
counting not necessary for tariff purposes - Monetary
costs of producing sugar in the United States and
Cuba Costs of cotton yarns in the United States and
England - Costs of woolen fabrics in the United States
and England - Domestic costs compared with foreign
prices Value of domestic conversion costs alone
Labor standards and the tariff - The consumer- - The
United States Tariff Commission Taking the tariff
out of politics
CHAPTER VIII
ANTI-DUMPING LEGISLATION
What dumping is not-Competition with cheap foreign
goods Undervaluation - Specific vs. ad valorem
duties Countervailing duties - Types of dumping
Sporadic selling abroad below price at home-Dump-
ing as a permanent policy-Dumping as predatory
price cutting-Effect of dumping on American in-
dustries Post-war possibilities-Canadian dumping
80
103
law
tion
- Australian method of handling unfair competi-
American dumping legislation of 1916 - Pro-
posed revisions
CHAPTER IX
EXPORT TRADE AND ITS PROMOTION
Nature of international trade-Necessity and desirability
of export business - Expert methods in foreign coun-
tries before the war- Great Britain - Germany -
Post-war plans for promoting trade - Great Britain
France Germany Japan Canada Growth of
American export trade during the war-In quantity,
destination, and variety-Coöperative associations to
promote American export trade- - Export Associations
Act-Objections to export associations - Activities of
non-governmental bodies in promoting export trade-
Promotion of export trade by the United States Govern-
ment-Free ports-As there are ways in which ex-
port trade should not be promoted, there are also ways
in which it should be
CHAPTER X
BARGAINING TARIFFS TO PREVENT DISCRIMINATIONS
Tariff discriminations classified-Those based on policy-
Concealed discriminations - Open discriminations -
Necessity of bargaining provisions in a nation's tariff
laws - Penalty duties - Section 2 of the Tariff Act
of 1909-Its defects-Commercial treaty provision
of the Tariff Act of 1913-A proposal for penalty
duties General and conventional tariff system of Ger-
many Maximum and minimum tariff system of
France Most-favored-nation clause in commercial
treaties The American or conditional form and in-
terpretation of this clause — Opinions of Federal courts
and the Department of State - The European or un-
conditional form and interpretation of the most-
favored-nation clause-The spirit in which a flexible
tariff should be enacted The principle of equality of
treatment
CHAPTER XI
NATIONAL CONTROL OF AMERICAN COMMERCIAL
ACTIVITIES ABROAD
Undemocratic tendencies in national commercial policy-
Types of American commercial activity abroad - Ex-
137
156
180
port of food and raw materials - Export of manu-
factured goods - American factories abroad Ameri-
can capital to develop foreign resources Loans of
American capitalists to foreign Governments — Need
for regulation-Types of complications which may
ariseNeither imperialism nor laissez faire is a proper
policy Precedents for regulation and control -- Need
for more comprehensive control that will remove causes
of international friction-Limitations of national
regulation First step toward a democratic world
league is democratic life in individual nations
PART III
WORLD COMMERCIAL POLICIES
201
signs
CHAPTER XII
WHERE NATIONAL CONTROL BREAKS DOWN
Where international control begins. Anarchy in inter-
national trade-How foreign trade should not be pro-
moted-Bounties-Imitating trade-marks and de-
Depression of prices Espionage - Tying
contracts Predatory price cutting - Discriminations
in transportation-Efforts of nations to correct evils
-How nations handle unfair practices within their
jurisdiction In the United States - The courts -
Federal Trade Commission - Interstate Commerce
Commission Attempts to control unfair competition
by international action- Brussels Sugar Convention
International agreements concerning industrial prop-
erty and unfair competition - International trade and
commerce commissions The penalty for refusal to
act
CHAPTER XIII
AFTERMATH OF WAR-TIME CONTROL OF FOOD AND
RAW MATERIALS
Food and raw materials as factors before the war in com-
mercial policy - Foods - Significance of essential raw
materials Position of Germany with reference to raw
materials Of Japan Of the British Empire - Of
the United States - War-time control of food and
raw materials by individual nations - In the United
States Food and Fuel Administrations - War Trade
221
Board War Industries Board - Shipping Control
Committee Examples of national control - Drift
toward international control Commission Inter-
nationale de Ravitaillement - - Allied Maritime Trans-
port Council - Inter-Allied Food Council Inter-
Allied Munitions Council-Inter-Allied Programme
Committees on Raw Materials - Permanent effect
of war-time experiences - Dangers from absence of in-
ternational regulation - Possibilities of trade warfare
suggested by war experiences and plans — Necessity for
joint action among nations
CHAPTER XIV
INTERNATIONAL TARIFF POLICIES
Heights of tariffs primarily for domestic determination -
How far they may be the subject for diplomatic dis-
cussion Trade wars- Factors determining height of
tariffs of dependent colonies and of China and Siam-
Discriminations and preferences more obviously and
always matters of international concern - Trade war
between Germany and Canada - American reciprocity
experiences Preferences within the British Empire.
CHAPTER XV
THE OPEN DOOR AND COLONIAL TARIFFS
"Open door" defined - The closed door" in the old
colonial system - Return of struggle for colonies in
the nineteenth century- Agreements relating to the
open door-Berlin Conference, 1884-5- Algeciras
Conference, 1906- Open door in China - Ingenious
ways of closing the "door"- Colonial tariffs - The
Netherlands British dependent colonies-Spain-
Germany - Italy - France - The Philippines - Colo-
nies should not be instruments of commercial policy
PREFERENCES
CHAPTER XVI
AN INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM
241
263
278
Economic effect of tariff preferences - Spirit in which the
problem should be approached - Undesirableness of
discriminatory treaties between nations-Of tariffs
favoring the mother country in dependent colonies-
Of British preferential tariffs-Necessity for inter-
national agreement - Concealed discriminations — Pos-
sible grounds for exceptions to the rule of equality of
treatment An International Tariff Commission pro-
posed-Its powers and duties
296
CHAPTER XVII
FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND CONCESSIONS
Of Great Britain - Of France - Of
Foreign investments
Germany Of the United States-Use of foreign in-
vestments in highly developed countries Alien Prop-
- German finance in
erty Custodian in the United States-German world-
wide control of non-ferrous metals-
Italy Policy to be pursued - The alliance between
export trade and foreign investments - Methods mak-
ing it effective-Need for international regulation —
Political significance of the exploitation of unde-
veloped regions-Exclusive concessions and the open
door The Congo-The British in the Caribbean
Conflicts between financial interests and weak Govern-
ments - British in Egypt - French in Morocco
Haiti and Dominican Republic-Italy in Tripoli-
The Boer War - Political aims and finance.
in Persia The Bagdad Railway-
China - Manchuria - The
China in the world politics of the future - Necessity
for international supervision-Failure of imperialism
— Of the laissez-faire policy — Nature of international
control
Russia
Concessions in
Demands
Twenty-One
311
CHAPTER XVIII
TOWARD WORLD DEMOCRACY
Place of national governments in progress in the immediate
future - National security, both military and economic
-Political democracy often associated with commercial
and financial imperialism - Imperialistic nations can-
not be formed into a successful democratic league-Re-
sponsibilities of democracies to undeveloped regions -
Entente Mittel
Undesirable sort of "league of nations'- Holy Al-
Alliance -Triple
liance - Triple
Europa-Paris Economic Conference-Shall the "next
" be?- Arguments for a democratic league of
What the Great War has
- Causes of war-
nations
taught in coöperation - Failure of unrestricted_com-
petition Proposals for a league of nations - Sover-
eignty
Covenant of the league of nations- Interna-
war
XV