Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech RecognitionFor undergraduate or advanced undergraduate courses in Classical Natural Language Processing, Statistical Natural Language Processing, Speech Recognition, Computational Linguistics, and Human Language Processing.
An explosion of Web-based language techniques, merging of distinct fields, availability of phone-based dialogue systems, and much more make this an exciting time in speech and language processing. The first of its kind to thoroughly cover language technology - at all levels and with all modern technologies - this text takes an empirical approach to the subject, based on applying statistical and other machine-learning algorithms to large corporations. The authors cover areas that traditionally are taught in different courses, to describe a unified vision of speech and language processing. Emphasis is on practical applications and scientific evaluation. An accompanying Website contains teaching materials for instructors, with pointers to language processing resources on the Web. The Second Edition offers a significant amount of new and extended material.
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... reference. In the next few sections of this chapter we study the problem of reference resolution. Reference resolution is the task of determining what entities are referred to by which linguistic expressions. We first define some ...
... reference summary bigrams are covered by the candidate summary, whereas BLEU is measuring something like how many of the candidate translation bigrams occurred in the human reference translations. Variants of ROUGE include ROUGE-L ...
... reference human translations of the source sentence . Note that Candidate 1 shares many more words ( shown in gray boxes ) with the reference translations than does Candidate 2 . It is a guide to action which ensures that the military ...
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Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language ... Daniel Jurafsky,James H. Martin No preview available - 2009 |