Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech RecognitionFor undergraduate or advanced undergraduate courses in Classical Natural Language Processing, Statistical Natural Language Processing, Speech Recognition, Computational Linguistics, and Human Language Processing.
An explosion of Web-based language techniques, merging of distinct fields, availability of phone-based dialogue systems, and much more make this an exciting time in speech and language processing. The first of its kind to thoroughly cover language technology - at all levels and with all modern technologies - this text takes an empirical approach to the subject, based on applying statistical and other machine-learning algorithms to large corporations. The authors cover areas that traditionally are taught in different courses, to describe a unified vision of speech and language processing. Emphasis is on practical applications and scientific evaluation. An accompanying Website contains teaching materials for instructors, with pointers to language processing resources on the Web. The Second Edition offers a significant amount of new and extended material.
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... count c * . This adjusted count is easier to compare directly with the MLE counts and can be turned into a probability like an MLE count by normalizing by N. To define this count , since we are only changing the numerator in addition to ...
... count matrix so we can see how much a smoothing algorithm has changed the original counts . These adjusted counts can be computed by Eq . 4.24 . Figure 4.7 shows the reconstructed counts . c * ( Wn - 1wn ) = [ C ( wn - 1Wn ) + 1 ] × C ...
... count c for Ne with a smoothed count c * that is a function of Nc + 1 : Nc + 1 c * = ( c + 1 ) No ( 4.26 ) We can use Eq . 4.26 to replace the MLE counts for all the bins N1 , N2 , and so on . Instead of using this equation directly to ...
Other editions - View all
Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language ... Daniel Jurafsky,James H. Martin No preview available - 2009 |