League of Nations. World Court League work for a league of nations. World Court, 5: 57. Lithuania, Lithuanians. Thomas Shamis. J. of Race Development, 9:157. October. Lusitania. Lusitania (The) Destruction of enemy merchant ships without Nationality. Science and Nationality. William Bateson. Edinburgh R., 229: 123 Politica internacional americana. poranea, 19: 79, 198. Juan C. Zamora. Cuba Contem Pan-American ideals and the war. Ignacio Calderon. J. of Race Development, 9: 109. October. Peace Conference. Africa at the Peace Conference. Review of Reviews, 59: 86. America and the Allies at the Peace Table. Frank H. Simonds. Review of Reviews, 59: 258. March. America, the Peace Conference and the Far East. G. Charles Hodgeз. League of Nations M., 5: 112. America at the Peace Table. James Davenport. Fortnightly, 105: 241. February. La conference de la paix. Th. Ruyssen. La paix par le droit, 29: 29. France, Germany and the peace. New Europe, 10: 86. February. American R., 209: 297. March. Mastery of the Pacific and world peace. Roy Malcolm. World Court, 5:48. January. Mobililazione di pace. Giulio Padulli. Massegna Nazionale, 19: 161. Neutrals and the Peace Congress. Current History, 9 (Pt. 2): 263. Peace Conference and Eastern Africa. Fullani bin Fullani. New Europe, 9: 275. January. Peace (The) Congress: narrative of proceedings. Current History, Peace Conference organizes. Advocate of Peace, 81: 47. Peace (The) Congress and the Balkans. J. D. Borechier. Atlantic, 123: 408. March. Peace issues in neutral countries. Peacemakers of two periods. T. H. S. Escott. Fortnightly, 105: 222. Persia at the Peace Conference. Current History, 9 (Pt. 2): 424. Edward L. Conn. World Court, Practical (The) organization of peace. Round Table, No. 34: 217. 5:34. January. Peace Conference. Prinkipo. Harold Williams. New Europe, 10: 49. January. Prinkipo (The) Conference plan. (Russia). Current History, 9 (Pt. 2): 407. Problems of peace. Frank H. Simonds. Review of Reviews, 59: 33. January. Some principles and problems of settlement. Round Table, No. 33: 88. Reorganization de l'Europe et la paix juste et durable. E. Fallot. R. politique et Parlementaire, 98: 23. January. Suggested (A) programme for Eastern Africa. Fullani bin Fullani. New Europe, 10: 12. January. World (The) in Flux. E. J. Dillon. Fortnightly, 105: 11. January. Poland. Poland's thousand years of evolution. B. D. Kulakowski. Current History, 9 (Pt. 2): 319. Events in the Republic of Poland. Current History, 9 (Pt. 2): 452. 9 (Pt. 2): 313. Polonia (La) i suoi vicini. La Vita Internazionale, 22: 13. Prisoners of War. German brutality to prisoners. Current History, 9 (Pt. 2): 80. Greek protests against Bulgar brutality. Current History, 9 (Pt. 2): 88. Prizes. Jurisprudence en matiere de prises maritimes (Guerre de 1914). R. generale de droit international public, 25: 33. Becember. Renault, Louis. M. Louis Renault. Journal of Comparative Legislation, 18: 193. December. Louis Renault (1843-1918). Sa vie, son œuvre. P. Fauchille. R. generale de droit international public, 25: necrologie-1. January-August. Roumania. Our Roumanian policy. New Europe, 10: 1. January. Text of Roumanian Treaty on entrance of Roumania into the War. Advocate of Peace, 81: 56. Russia. Russia and the Conference. Advocate of Peace, 81: 53. Russia and the new democracy. 35: 43. January. J. A. Strahan, Law Quarterly R., Russia's struggle against chaos. Current History, 9 (Pt. 2): 76. Savoy. Savoie (La) "neutralisée." spondant, 232: 881. December. Scandinavia. Alliances in Scandinavia. H. O. Urkner. Review of Reviews, 59: 87. January. Serbia. What Serbia wants. Milivoy S. Stanoyevich. J. of Race Development, 9: 136. October. Scheldt, The. Question (The) of the Scheldt. Emile Cammaerts. New Europe, 10: 70. January. Question (The) of the Scheldt. A Dutch View. New Europe, 10:17. January. Schleswig. Sleswig since the armistice. Jacques de Coussange. New Europe, Schleswig. Question (La) du Slesvig. Jacques de Coussange. R. des deux mondes, 49: 448. March. Siberia. Siberia and the Russian Revolution. Richard Dupierreux. New Europe, 10:30, 53. January. Sinn Feia. Sinn Fein and Europe. Hugh A. Law. New Europe, 10: 41. January. Socialism. Significance of the Berne Conference. New Europe, 10: 136. February. Submarine Warfare. Guerre (La) sous marine allemande. P. Fauchille. R. generale de droit international public, 25: 75. January-August. Total damage caused by U-Boats. Current History, 9 (Pt. 2): 133. January. Treaties. Great Britain-France. 1916-1917. Secret Treaties-relative to Asia Minor. Summary New York Times, January 3, 1919. Tyrol. Tyrol as a republic. W. A. Baillie-Graham. Contemporary, 115: 171. Ukraine. Ukraine (The). O. de L. Edinburgh R., 229: 92. United States. America and world responsibility. Round Table, No. 34: 249. America's place in World Government. Round Table, No. 33: 20. United States and Sea Power. Archibald Hurd. Fortnightly, 105: 175. February. Wilson, Woodrow. President Wilson in Europe. Current History, 9 (Pt. 2): 1, 198. January. KATHRYN SELLERS. THE OBLIGATION TO RATIFY TREATIES IS RATIFICATION NECESSARY FOR THE VALIDITY OF A TREATY? ONE of the earliest examples of a sort of ratification is found in the treaty between Justinian and the Persian King, Chosroes, in 561 A. D. In this case the sovereigns agreed to accept that which their plenipotentiaries had promised and agreed upon.1 The French-Swiss alliance of May 28, 1777, was sanctioned by solemn oaths." It was the custom in earlier times to take hostages to insure ratification; this Grotius believed entirely proper. The oath gave way to a mere act or declaration of ratification. Grotius likened a plenipotentiary to a mandatory, holding that all agreements reached by him were binding upon the sovereign from the time of signature, unless the secret instructions were transcended.3 Thus he regarded ratification as a mere form, not affecting the validity of the treaty. Likewise Martens, writing in 1789 at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, believed that if a mandatory had not exceeded his secret instructions, all that he agreed to was binding upon the state represented, and that the law of nations required no particular ratification (ratification particulière).* Pufendorf regarded treaties valid from signature and thought ratification superfluous.5 It should be remembered that the older writers were accustomed to absolute sovereign relationship and wrote before the period when constitutional bodies developed and took away from the kings and heads of states a part of the supreme power. Among the powers taken away from the sovereigns or heads of states in many cases, has been certain powers in regard to treaty-making. Such a division of the treaty-power occurred in 1789, when the Constitution of the United States vested that power in the President and the Senate. Certainly 1 Du Mont, Supplement au Corps Universale, II, 197. 2 Wegmann, Die Ratifikation von Staatsvertraegen, p. 3. 3 De Jure Belli ac Pacis, III, 20, 52. 4 Droit des Gens, Art. 48. 5 De Jure Naturæ et Gentium, lib. III, cap. IX, art. 2. |