the new States not unlike to that which before the Revolution the Episcopal population in the Atlantic provinces stood to their parent Church in England. Then she extended her fostering care to her sons, and organized a society in which the prelates took the lead, without whose aid all traces of our Apostolic Church in many of the provinces would have been lost. The time is come for us to repay the benefit, not to them, but to those who migrated from us, as our fathers did from the land of their nativity." Bishop Griswold, in 1815 A.D., had already called the attention of the Church to the duty of those who "professed a purer faith and a more ardent zeal for the Gospel of CHRIST, not to deserve the reproach of indifference to missionary labors."

Two missionary societies had been already formed in Philadelphia, one in 1812 A.D., for work within the borders of Pennsylvania, and the other (1816 A.D.) for work beyond the borders. In 1820 A.D. this last society issued s report, which was credited to the Rev. Messrs. Kemper, Muhlenberg, and Boyd, in which they urge the formation of a general missionary society of the American Episcopal Church, to labor in the two fields of Foreign and Domestic Missions. And at the General Convention of 1820 A.D. an effort was made, which failed through mismanagement, to form such a society. In 1821 A.D., however, the Committee adopted "the Constitution of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church," composed of the Bishops and Deputies of General Convention, represented by a Board of Directors, and working by an Executive Committee of eight. An address was prepared by Bishop White, the president, which has been already quoted, which also sets forth the claims of the Foreign Missionary work. It dwells upon the successful efforts made in early times to preach the Gospel to the heathen, and also more recently in Asia and Africa and among the savage inhabitants of our Western wilderness. "There has lately appeared in various countries a zeal for missionary labors beyond anything of the same spirit since the age of the first preaching of the Gospel." At their meeting in 1822 A.D. the Executive Committee report the formation of eleven auxiliary societies, of which eight were Female Auxiliary Missionary Societies, and of the whole eleven, eight were in Pennsylvania. Others were formed in other Dioceses in the following years, so that in 1826 A.D. there were thirty-two auxiliaries reported.

It is

to be noticed by the way that the limits of the two fields were not defined as they are at present, for at that time by " Foreign" missions were meant all missions to the heathen, including the aborigines of our own country, whereas now the "Domestic" field covers all our country, and includes these and other heathen in its limits. These were in the eyes of our fathers those in whom they "took a more immediate interest," and

the mission at Green Bay is named in the report of 1826 A.D. as one of peculiar promise. Before the next General Convention, owing to wild mismanagement, that mission had proved a mortifying failure. In 1827 A.D. the Board resolved that they would always feel themselves bound to give a preference to domestic demands, but that at the same time they welcomed benefactions for foreign missions, and especially on the western coast of Africa, and among the aborigines. In 1828 A.D., on motion of Bishop Hobart, it was "resolved, that the Bishops and the ecclesiastical authorities be requested to recommend to the clergy and congregations to make an annual collection in favor of this society."

In 1829 A.D., Dr. Wainwright told them that "Domestic and Foreign Missions, though they may be distinct in name, yet the cause itself is one and indivisible. That which makes them Foreign and Domestic is the difference of our civil relations, but what has the Gospel of CHRIST to do with boundaries of kingdoms ?" "As we are a Church professing primitive faith and Apostolic discipline, let us also exhibit primitive zeal and Apostolic devotion. He has promised to be with us to the end of the world,'-provided we preach the Gospel to every creature."

In 1830 A.D., while the Board of Directors were not assured of the expediency of extending their foreign operations, they listened with deep interest to Bishop Brownell's report of his journey in the West, and were deeply impressed with the wants of the immense population which is filling up the Valley of the Mississippi and which make a powerful appeal to the sympathy and beneficence of the Church.” Up to this moment," says a writer in 1829 A.D., "we have but one small infant station among the heathen, and that chiefly for the purposes of education, and not a single foreign missionary on any distant shore." In the Green Bay Mission the Rev. Eleazer Williams had been employed as Missionary to the Oneidas at Fox River, and later the Rev. Richard Cadle had been appointed Missionary and Superintendent. The Rev. Mr. Oson, appointed to Liberia, died before he was able to sail for Africa. The Rev. Lot Jones, appointed to Buenos Ayres, was delayed, and "made other arrangements." When this pamphlet was written Messrs. Robertson and Hill had not sailed for their field of labor.

In 1833 A.D. the Board were greatly encouraged with the prospect, and recommended the appointment of twenty additional missionaries in the domestic field, and of two to Africa as soon as suitable persons could be found.

In 1835 A.D. the Board was reorganized, to include henceforth the Bishops and thirty elected members, working through two committees, for Domestic and Foreign Missions respectively. In connection with this re

arrangement the committees, of which Bishop Doane was chairman, in their report lay down certain general principles for the future direction of the Board, that the missionary field is always to be regarded as one,--THE WORLD,-the terms Domestic and Foreign being understood as terms of locality, adopted for convenience. The appeal of the Church is made expressly to all baptized persons as such, and on the ground of their baptismal vows, and to each parish as a missionary association.

It has been said already that up to at least 1820 A.D. the Church was engaged in the struggle for existence. It was not till this action of 1835 A.D. that she formally took action in her missionary capacity, but it would be grossly unjust to ignore the fact that every new Diocese "organized" and admitted into Convention-and in 1830 A.D. there were twenty such organizations-meant a distinct advance of the Church into new fields and of the same kind, with the addition of Missionary Bishoprics in later times. In one respect the later times have the advantage, the Missionary Bishop goes out with encouragement and an assured living. The Bishop of a new Diocese depended on his rectorship for his living, or perhaps on his farm or his school. Bishop Chase, at the end of his first five years in Illinois, declared that neither as Bishop, Rector, nor Missionary had he received but twenty dollars.

The work of missions,-that is, the work of preaching the Gospel and making disciples of all nations, -as to any Church of any nation, naturally divides itself into two parts, which may for convenience be very well designated by the terms "Domestic" and "Foreign," meaning those people who are near and those who are farther off. At first, as has been noticed, the Church's "Foreign missions" included missions to the aborigines of our own country, but after a few years the more convenient distinction became common between those who were within and those without the limits of the United States. Taking this last division as accurate, and looking out from the ground which was occupied by the Church in America in 1821 A.D. or in 1883 A.D., here is a very large field included under the term Domestic. Here is a territory of more than twice the extent of the Roman Empire at its period of greatest extent, inhabited and being rapidly filled up with portions of all the nations of Europe, having in its southern portions several millions of the African race, on its western coast a large number of Chinese, and in its western portion the remnants of the aborigines, and each portion bringing with it its own form of religion or of unbelief. In this wilderness of nations and tongues and languages and creeds and sects and unbeliefs the Voice that cries before the coming LORD would seem to have a mission and a work to do without going very far from home. And

the Church which occupies such a field to the extent of preaching the Gospel, even to a very limited extent, has its hands full. If to preach the Gospel of CHRIST means something more than to kindle an unregulated blaze, and if the Church of CHRIST is something more than a cold form, even the embodied Gospel, and if to preach the Gos pel and to extend the Church are one and the same thing, then the special mission of this Church of ours is set for her as plainly as was the mission of the Church of the Roman Empire when the flood of the barba rians poured over it. The indications of Providence may point and lead to this or that special distant "foreign" field, but it is not necessary for us to fly to the ends of the earth for a field. Until we have made a strong "beginning at Jerusalem," to seek a foreign field is to pass by our wounded neighbor.

The work of "Domestic Missions" comprises work not only among all varieties of a foreign population speaking all the languages of Europe, but also among the Indians, among the negroes, and among the Chinese of our Western coast. And all this must be understood as included when we speak of our "Domestic Missions." Some of our Western Bishops include in their jurisdiction Indian missions, others Chinese missions, one lives among the Mormons, and all the Southern Bishops are engaged in African missions, while in many Eastern Dioceses services are held in the different languages of Europe.

The missionary work of the Church in the United States, even if there were no other reasons for standing by it, has proved its worthiness by its fruits. The missionaries have been the pioneers of the Church, the Missionary Jurisdictions have developed into Dioceses, and the whole Church has reason to be grateful and proud of the work which they have done. But neither that work nor its fruits, nor its needs and claims, can be understood by any one who does not understand very distinctly that the work of the Church in the new parts of our country is a purely missionary work, as the work in Africa or China. In the new West it is a rare thing to find Churchmen where there is no church, a seeming paradox which is easily explained. Any Churchman moving into a new country with a choice of locations before him, inquires, the very first thing, where there is a church, and selects accordingly. The missionary and the church must go first, therefore, and must be planted and sustained independently, until other Churchmen come in, and until he has had time to extend his influence and gather in the people. To ask or expect a missionary to be supported at the outset of his work by the restless, shifting people of our new Territories, and people, besides, to whom, even if they have time for any attention to religion, the Church is a novelty, is as absurd as it would be to expect the natives of Africa

to do the same thing. It is to impose a task on those who are working not for themselves, but as the agents of the whole Church, which is as much ours as theirs, and when they fail the failure is ours, who have not held up their hands.

In one respect our Episcopal system compels us to follow the dictates of sound wisdom. We choose good strong men as Bishops of the new jurisdictions, they understand that they are to be chief missionaries, and we give them, if not a liberal, at least a sufficient salary. Every missionary jurisdiction is sure of having one strong and settled missionary, and he gives the Church a position at once in the eyes of the people which the ordinary starveling dependent missionary could only secure for it by long years of labor and sacrifice, if he ever did. And neither they nor the Church lose anything in the eyes of the people by the fact that such men devote time and talents to the traveling and preaching and teaching and other labors which occupy the time and abilities of a Missionary Bishop, or by the fact that they are decently supported.

The story of the missions of the Church is in fact best told by a list of names and dates. They belong together, "Domestic" and "Foreign." And it is only to be understood when we read it, not as a list of Bishops, but as a list of chief missionaries, of men who were taken from prominent and honorable positions in the Church and sent out to preach in school-houses, and teach schools, and travel from place to place among scattered families, and do work that when it is told of seems very petty drudgery for such men to be engaged in. But such is all missionary work.

KEMPER, 1835 A.D., Missouri and Indiana; 1854, Wisconsin. BOONE, 1844 a.d., China. FREEMAN, 1844 A.D., Arkansas. SOUTHGATE, 1844 A.D., Turkey; resigned, 1850 A.D. PAYNE, 1851 A.D., Africa; resigned, 1871 A.D., KIP, 1853 A.D., California. LAY, 1859 A.D., Arkansas; 1869 A.D., Easton. TALBOT, 1860 A.D., Northwest; 1865 A.D., Indiana. CLARKSON, 1865 A.D., Nebraska and Dakota. RANDALL, 1865 A.D., Colorado. WILLIAMS, 1866 A.D., China and Japan. TUTTLE, 1867 A.D., Montana and Utah. MORRIS, 1868 A.D., Oregon and Washington. WHITAKER, 1869 A.D., Nevada and Arizona. PIERCE, 1870 A.D., Arkansas and Indian Territory. HARE, 1873 A.D., Niobrara. AUER, 1873 A.D, Africa. SPALDING, 1873 A.D., Colorado. ELLIOTT, 1874 a.d., Western Texas. WINGFIELD, 1874 A.D., Northern California. GARRETT, 1874 A.D., Northern Texas. ADAMS, 1875 A.D., New Mexico; resigned, 1875 A.D. PENICK, 1877 A.D., Africa; resigned, 1883 A.D. SCHERESCHEWSKY, 1877 A.D., Shanghai. DUNLOP, 1880 A.D., New Mexico. BREWER, 1880 A.D., Montana. PADDOCK, 1880 A.D., Washington. WALKER, 1883 A.D., Dakota.

Besides these Bishops and the clergy working under them, it must be remem

bered that in a number of the Dioceses are missionaries at work, and by them and the Bishops much purely missionary work is done. It would not be possible, for instance, to pass over the work which has been done among the Indians by Bishops and clergy of the Church, and yet when we have named Hobart and Williams, Breck and Whipple and Hare, we have done all that our space and the line which we have indicated for ourselves permits.

From this list and from the reports of General Convention and other, it appears that though efforts were made previously to send out Missionary Bishops, it was not till 1835 A.D. that one was actually sent. At that most important Convention the leading spirit was Bishop Doane, and it was largely owing to him that the new Constitution of the Board was established, based on the principle that every baptized person was by the fact of his baptism a member of the missionary organization, and pledging the Church as a Missionary Church. Two Missionary Bishops were elected, but Dr. Hawks was not consecrated. The man who was made Bishop was a host in himself, and the field of "the Northwest" was not too large for him,-a man of tact and energy, pure, loving, and holy, a true saint and apostle of the Church. In the mean time, besides the election of Bishops Freeman for Arkansas and Kip for California, a number of "Dioceses" had been organized, which were little more than missionary jurisdictions, and in 1859 A.D., by the election of Bishop Talbot for Nebraska and the Northwest, and Bishop Lay for Arkansas and the Southwest, it might be said with some truth that the "Episcopate of the American Church was at length co-extensive with the boundaries of the United States." As an evidence that the hand of GOD had been with the Church, and that the Church was at least and at last recognizing her duty and her right to occupy the whole land, the occasion was one to justify the "Gloria in Excelsis" with which the Convention received the announcement. It falls strictly into line under this subject to notice the action of the General Convention of 1865 A.D. in accepting the resolutions of the Committee of Missions, "that there never was a time when the demand for missionary effort was so great, and calling upon the ecclesiastical authorities to institute a system of itineracy, and urging the appointment of lay-readers, and the maintenance of family worship and home instruction in the Catechism and offices of the Church by those who are cut off from stated worship." In 1865 A.D. the Secretaries of the two Houses were selected on the spot for Colorado and Nebraska and Dakota. Bishop Randall died in 1873 A.D. Bishop Clarkson lived to make Nebraska an independent Diocese, while he resigned and handed over Dakota to two successors. In 1867 A.D., Bishop Tuttle was elected to Montana, Idaho, and Utah, which jurisdiction was divided in 1880 A.D.,

when the mission was abandoned and he returned to the United States.

The first who offered himself for the Foreign missionary work of the Church was the Rev. Joseph R. Andrus of the Eastern Dioeese, who went out, in 1820 A.D., "as a missionary and agent of the Colonization Society" to Liberia, but died the next year. The Executive Committee in 1828 A.D. made mention of the "unanimous voice of the General Convention of 1826 A.D., that measures should be taken for establishing missions at Liberia and at Buenos Ayres," and report that they had since then nominated Mr. Jacob Oson, a man of color, a missionary for Africa, so soon as he should obtain holy orders, and also that Mr. Oson had been recently ordained by Bishop Brownell, and was ready to sail for Liberia as soon as a passage could be procured for him. But the message that the vessel was about to sail found Mr. Oson on his death-bed. The same report of 1829 A.D. which announces Mr. Oson's death mentions an "African Mission School which had been established the previous year at Hartford, Conn., to prepare young men of color for usefulness in the Colony of Liberia," and the Convention repeated their former action of "advising the sending of a missionary to Liberia."

It was not, however, till 1836 A.D. that the first white missionaries landed, viz., the Rev. Messrs. Savage, Payne, and Minor. In 1841 A.D., Dr. Vaughan was elected Bishop at Cape Palmas, but declined. In 1844 A.D. the Rev. Alexander Glennis was elected, but declined. In 1850 A.D. the Rev. John Payne was elected, and consecrated in 1851 A.D. After his resignation, in 1872 A.D., the Rev. Jacob Auer was made Bishop, and after his death the Rev. Clifton Penick, who resigned his jurisdiction at the Convention of 1883 A.D. on the ground of ill health. At that time there were reported in the African Mission thirty-four stations, twelve clergymen (of whom one is white and eight Liberians and three natives), five foreign ladies, four lay-readers, two business agents, and sixteen catechists and teachers. The report for 1881-82 A.D. gives as the " average attendance upon public worship 1036; baptisms, adults, 30, infants, 53; confirmations, 46; and communicants, 567." The reports of the Bishop and missionaries tell us of the special difficulties in the African climate and the African character, which encompass the steps of the missionary in Africa, and which account for the slow progress of the Church.

The mission to China owes its beginning to the devotion of Augustus Foster Lyde, a youth who died in 1834 A.D. at the age of twenty-one. "It was in his heart to preach the Gospel to the Chinese, and for this service he had offered himself to GOD and the Church, but it pleased his Heavenly FATHER to call him early home." So reads the slab in St. Peter's Church-yard in Philadelphia. In 1835 A.D. the necessary funds

were obtained, and the Rev. Messrs. Hanson and Lockwood sailed for China. The beginning of teaching Chinese children was made in Java, and the missionaries "moved up the coast until they reached Shanghai, in 1845 A.D., where the station and missionary jurisdiction was founded. Bishop Boone was consecrated in 1844 A.D. and died in 1864 A.D. From that time to 1877 A.D. the China Mission was included in the jurisdiction of Bishop Williams. In 1877 A.D., Bishop Schereschewsky was consecrated, but was compelled by ill health to resign in 1883 A.D. The purpose of Bishop Boone was to establish schools of a high order for both boys and girls, in which he was ably seconded by the clergy and teachers, both foreign and native, but the work was interrupted by the American civil war, in the midst of which Bishop Boone died. Mr. Schereschewsky went out to China in 1859 A.D., and at Pekin undertook and accomplished the work-aided of course by others, but himself the principal-of translating the Prayer-Book and the whole Scriptures into the mandarin dialect. "The greatness of this work in itself, and the toil and study which it required, are beyond our ability to understand. The importance of it is beyond our arithmetic to compute." His efforts were mainly directed to carry on and enlarge the scheme of Bishop Boone, by establishing a Missionary College which should give native young men the highest education and train up a native ministry. It is a large and noble undertaking to establish an agency for reaching such a pople. China is destined to play a great part in the world. The question is whether it shall play that part as a heathen or a Christian nation. There are at this time in China seventeen clergymen, three missionary physicians, eleven foreign teachers, one trained nurse, and fifty-nine catechists, teachers, and Bible-readers. The number of communicants is two hundred and sixtyseven, of whom all but twenty are natives. Besides the station at Shanghai, the principal missionary stations are the Wu-Chang and Hankow Stations, six hundred miles up the Yang-tze-Kiang,

Both in China and in Japan one very important branch of the missionary work is the work of the medical missionaries. The physicians of China and Japan are ignorant of anatomy and physiology, and know comparatively little of the nature of disease. The field for the educated Christian physician is a very wide one, and the reports show how much is being done. The cases of all kinds treated at the different points in China and Japan during one year, by the four missionary physicians and their assistants, numbered many thousand. The mission to Japan dates from 1859 A.D., and is an offshoot of the China Mission. Since the persecution of Christians, which culminated in the dreadful massacre of 1636 A.D., when it was said that more than two hundred thousand were put to