attracted so small a share or attention in this country from those whose peculiar duty it was to promote its success.

"It is with a view to encourage trade that the inhabitants of Berlin and Potsdam are exempted from military service; and his majesty grants nearly the same indulgence to the inhabitants of the circles of the mountains of Silesia, where the poor, but industrious and sober weavers, who are settled in a narrow and barren district, carry on those flourishing linen manufactures which produce us an exportation of so many millions; and to the little city of Hirchberg only, a trade of two millions of crowns annually. The king has in this district a canton for his foot-guards; but from his unwillingness to disturb the population of the district, he seldom draws from hence any recruits."

Here the calm and candid observer, who casts his eye on the system of Frederick, and contrasts it with that of the United States, cannot fail to feel the same degree of mortification and deep regret, that the contrast with that of Russia produced. He will behold on the one side a grand, liberal, and magnanimous policy, disregarding expense in sowing prolific seed, which sprouted forth abundantly, and repaid the cultivator tenfold, nay, a hundred fold.†

* Idem, 25.

"As national industry forms the second basis of the felicity and power of a state, I shall endeavour to prove here in a summary manner, that the Prussian monarchy possesses it in an eminent degree: and, perhaps, immediately after France, England and Holland; those powers which, for two centuries, have had the almost exclusive monopoly of manufactures, of commerce, and of navigation; of which the Prussians have had no part, but since the close of the last century, and the beginning of the present. This is not the place to make an exact and general table of the Prussian manufactures; I shall, therefore, confine myself to giving a general idea, and some particular examples. We have almost all the trades and manufactures that can be conceived, as well for things of absolute necessity, as for the conveniences and luxuries of life. Some of them have attained to a great degree of perfection, as those of woollen cloth, linen, porcelain, and others. The greater part are in a state of mediocrity, and may be brought by degrees to perfection, if there is continued to be given to them the same attention, assistance, and support, which the Prussian government has hitherto most liberally bestowed; and especially when to these are added the motives and inducements of emulation, which are absolutely necessary for bringing manufactures and works of art to perfection. Our manufactures exclusively sup ply all the Prussian dominions; and, with a very favourable rival

Loans, bounties, premiums, and important immunities, as we have stated, were freely and liberally awarded.

In the United States the seed was sown by individual exertion and enterprise. It required little care to foster and make it strike deep root. There was no demand of loans— of bounties-of premiums-or of immunities. All that was asked-all that was necessary, was mere protection from foreign interference-a protection which would have cost the government nothing, and would have enriched the nation. It was fatally withheld: and a large portion of the seed so plentifully sown and so promising of a fertile harvest, hast perished; and those who withheld, as well as those who besought, the protection, are now in common, suffering the most serious injury from that mistaken policy.

"The Prussian dominions had in the course of the year 1784,*

In tobacco, of which 140,000 quintals are the growth

of the country

Sugar

Glass, looking-glasses

200,000

Manufactures in gold, silver, lace embroidery, &c.

Silesia madder

300,000

ship, especially for cloths, linens, and woollens, Poland, Russia, Germany, Italy, and especially Spain and America. In order to afford a more strong and clear conviction, I shall here add a compendious table of the principal trades and manufactures, which exist in the Prussian monarchy, of their produce, and of the number of traders and manufacturers who are employed in them."Hertzberg's Discourses, p. 101.

*Hertzberg's Discourses, p. 103.

DISBURSEMENTS OF FREDERIC II. FOR PROMOTION OF MANUFACTURES. ANNO 1785.*

In New March.

For establishing a manufactory of leather, and for tanning at
Landsberg

Crowns.

3,500

For a similar manufactory at Drisen

3,000

Ditto

Ditto

at Cottbus

1,000

For erecting a fulling mill at Drambourg

For increasing the magazines of wool for the manufacturers of small towns

In Pomerania.

200

3,000

For enlarging the manufactory of leather at Anclam -
For establishing a manufactory of leather at Treptow

3,000

1,500

For establishing a manufactory at Griffenhagen

·

For establishing a manufactory of fustians and cottons at Frederickshold

1,500

For increasing the magazines of wool in the small towns

4,000

For establishing a manufactory of beaver stockings at Lawenberg
For establishing a cotton manufactory at New Stettin

2,000

2,400

For a magazine of cotton for the benefit of the manufacturers of Pomerania

For repairing the damage occasioned by the burning of woollen cloths near Preusch Eilau

3,500

For establishing a manufactory of muslin at Konigsberg
For a manufactory of leather at Preusch Eilau -

1,000

5,000

For a dye-house at Gastrow

2,600

For magazines of wool in the little towns of West Prussia
For a manufactory of press-boards

6,000

6,000

Silesia.

For the establishment of forty weavers at Striegaw and in the neigh

For rewards, intended for the encouragement of spinning in the

country

2,000

Carried over, 78,928

* Idem, p. 44.

Brought over,

78,928

For the erection of silk mills at Berlin

24,000

For purchasing the cods of silk worms, and causing them to be well

For a plantation of Mulberry trees at Nowawest

2,000

For the purchase of cods of silk worms and establishing a magazine of them

20,000

In the New March.

For several small manufactures of wool and leather, and for fulling mills in Custrin, Newedel, Falckenburgh, and Sommerfeldt, towns of the New March

4,020

For a manufactory of morocco leather at Konigsberg

3,000

For a manufactory of English earthenware in the same city

4,000

NO. V.

Philadelphia, May 3, 1819. THE friends of domestic manufactures in this country have had to combat a host of objections, maintained with great zeal and plausibility, many of which, though utterly destitute of foundation, have had universal currency. We shall devote the present number to obviate some of them.

I. The demoralizing and debasing effects of manufacturing establishments.

II. Their injurious interference with commerce.

III. The high rate of wages in the United States.

IV. The great extent of our vacant lands, which ought to be settled previous to the erection of manufacturing establishments on a large scale.

V. The extortions practised, and the extravagant prices charged by manufacturers during the war.

VI. The loss of revenue that would arise from protecting or prohibitory duties.

VII. The danger of encouraging smuggling by high duties.

I. Demoralization.

The most specious and generally prevalent argument against manufacturing establishments, is grounded on their debasing and demoralizing effects. The honest feelings and the sympathy of the humane and enlightened part of the community, and the passions and prejudices of the remainder, have in consequence been enlisted and excited to activity against them. The changes have been rung, times without number, on the depravity, corruption, and pauperism inseparable from large assemblages of men, women, and children, collected in a small compass, inhaling a pestiferous atmosphere, both moral and physical. The most captivating pictures have been drawn, by way of contrast, of the purity, the innocence, the healthiness, and the inde