Machine Intelligence and Robotics: Report of the NASA Study Group : Final Report |
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Page 335
... construction in space 14 4-6 Large space antennas are erected with the help of a space - based construction platform ... 14 4-7 Construction of a space station 14 4-8 Complex construction facility in space with automatic beam builders ...
... construction in space 14 4-6 Large space antennas are erected with the help of a space - based construction platform ... 14 4-7 Construction of a space station 14 4-8 Complex construction facility in space with automatic beam builders ...
Page 347
... construction work in Earth orbit or on the lunar surface will need manipu- lative and locomotion devices to perform the necessary trans- port and handling operations . C. Future Applications In space applications , robots may take on ...
... construction work in Earth orbit or on the lunar surface will need manipu- lative and locomotion devices to perform the necessary trans- port and handling operations . C. Future Applications In space applications , robots may take on ...
Page 350
... construction and subsequent maintenance will require technologies not yet in use for similar operations on Earth . Space processing requires a sophisticated technology . First it must be developed and perfected , and then it must be ...
... construction and subsequent maintenance will require technologies not yet in use for similar operations on Earth . Space processing requires a sophisticated technology . First it must be developed and perfected , and then it must be ...
Page 351
... construction facilities in space ( Figures 4-5 and 4-6 ) . Relatively small systems , up to 100 m in extent , may be deployable and can be transported into orbit with one Shuttle load . For intermediate systems of several hundred meters ...
... construction facilities in space ( Figures 4-5 and 4-6 ) . Relatively small systems , up to 100 m in extent , may be deployable and can be transported into orbit with one Shuttle load . For intermediate systems of several hundred meters ...
Page 352
... construction will provide the founda- tion for the development of these space - age tools . After the system has been constructed , its subsequent operation will require service functions that should be per- formed by free - flying ...
... construction will provide the founda- tion for the development of these space - age tools . After the system has been constructed , its subsequent operation will require service functions that should be per- formed by free - flying ...
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Common terms and phrases
algorithms Allen Newell analysis applications areas Artificial Intelligence automated base basic behavior capabilities centers chess complex computer science computer systems concept Conf construction cost DENDRAL devices discussion domain elements engineering environment example existing experience exploration Feigenbaum Figure functions GAME goal hardware heuristic programming heuristic search human hypotheses ill-structured problems inference information processing input intelligence and robotics interaction knowledge learning logic machine intelligence Man-Machine Systems manipulators Marvin Minsky mathematical mechanisms memory ment methods Minsky mission operations MYCIN NASA NASA's Natural Language Newell Papers 3d Intl pattern recognition performance planetary planning problem solving problem space problem statement Proc procedure processor Project Project MAC PSYC psychology representation rover rules sensors sequence Simon simplex method solution solver spacecraft specific Stanford Research Institute Stanford Univ structure Study Group subproblems symbolic task Tech techniques TEIRESIAS teleoperator theory tion
Popular passages
Page 442 - Generally speaking, a successful division will reduce the search time not by a mere fraction, but by a. fractional exponent. In a graph with 10 branches descending from each node, a 20-step search might involve 1020 trials, which is out of the question, while the insertion of just four lemmas or sequential subgoals might reduce the search to only 5 X 104 trials, which is within reason for machine exploration. Thus, it will be worth a relatively enormous effort to find such islands in the solution...
Page 447 - Samuel (19606) has taken a strong position against the idea of machines thinking. His argument, based on the fact that reliable computers do only that which they are instructed to do, has a basic flaw; it does not follow that the programmer therefore has full knowledge (and therefore full responsibility and credit for) what will ensue. For certainly the programmer may set up an evolutionary system whose limitations are for him unclear and possibly incomprehensible.
Page 406 - I believe that it is; that we are on the threshold of an era that will be strongly influenced, and quite possibly dominated, by intelligent problem-solving machines. But our purpose is not to guess about what the future may bring; it is only to try to describe and explain what seem now to be our first steps toward the construction of "artificial intelligence.
Page 432 - It is extremely doubtful whether there is enough information in "win lose, or draw" when referred to the whole play of the game to permit any learning at all over available time scales.... For learning to take place, each play of the game must yield much more information. This is... achieved by breaking the problem into components. The unit of success is the goal. If a goal is achieved, its subgoals are reinforced; if not they are inhibited. (Actually, what is reinforced is the transformation rule...
Page 433 - In changing just one instruction at a time the machine had not taken large enough steps in its search through program space. The second paper goes on to discuss a sequence of modifications in the program generator and its reinforcement operators. With these, and with some "priming" (starting the machine off on the right track with some useful instructions), the system came to be only a little worse than chance. Friedberg et al. (1959) conclude that with these improvements "the generally superior...
Page 339 - Robotics The problem of controlling the physical actions of a mobile robot might not seem to require much intelligence. Even small children are able to navigate successfully through their environment and to manipulate items, such as light switches, toy blocks, eating utensils, etc. However these same tasks, performed almost unconsciously by humans, when performed by a machine require many of the same abilities used in solving more intellectually demanding problems. Research on robots or robotics...
Page 443 - C,, be the name of that method (or a list of such methods). If there is no such method the corresponding entry is null. Now suppose that there is no entry for...
Page 435 - The solution, by machine, of really complex problems will require a variety of administration facilities. During the course of solving a problem, one becomes involved with a large assembly of interrelated subproblems. From these, at each stage, a very few must be chosen for investigation. This decision must be based on 1) estimates of relative difficulties and 2) estimates of centrality of the different candidates for attention. Following subproblem selection (for which several heuristic methods...
Page 406 - Introduction A visitor to our planet might be puzzled about the role of computers in our technology. On the one hand, he would read and hear all about wonderful "mechanical brains" baffling their creators with prodigious intellectual performance. And he (or it) would be warned that these machines must be restrained, lest they overwhelm us by might, persuasion, or even by the revelation of truths too terrible to be borne. On the other hand, our visitor would find the machines being denounced, on all...
Page 418 - A,A,C, which can have more than two values. and the sequences are therefore [by definition] not significant. Let it discard these and pick some others. Sooner or later, however, some sequences will prove significant; that is, their distribution functions will peak up somewhere. What the machine does now is to build up new sequences like the significant ones. This is the important point. If it merely chose sequences at random it might take a very long while indeed to find the best sequences. But with...