The Present Tense in Modern Hindi FictionThe Present Tense in Modern Hindi Fiction contributes to the interpretation of Hindi prose by analysing the use of the present tense in over 250 texts. While sketching the history of the present tense in Hindi fiction, the book focuses primarily on the narrative techniques that invite its use, such as interior monologue, free indirect discourse, consonant psycho-narration, and camera eye. Moreover, it offers a fresh interpretation of the two types of present tense found in Hindi. The indexes of authors, titles, and analytical concepts provide easy access to the analyses. The book will also be of interest to scholars studying the use of the present tense in modern fiction worldwide. The present tense is used more widely in Hindi than in languages such as English, and some trends that are also found in the literatures of other languages (such as the occurrence of the present tense in internal sensory focalisation) are more clearly visible in Hindi fiction. More importantly, a new explanation of present-tense passages is proposed which can also be applied elsewhere. Insight into this technique, referred to as Internal Focalisation of Awareness, leads to a better understanding of present-tense texts. |
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Page 103
... rahā hai , kuch nahim dikhāi paṛ rahā hai ( 133 ) and sămne [ ... ] misez vāsvānī dikhāi parti haim ( 133 ) ; - jhāṁknā “ look ” : vah nice jhāṁktā hai ( Kamleśvar 1986 : scene 8gha , dis- cussed below ) as against dhaṛakte dil se jhäṁk ...
... rahā hai , kuch nahim dikhāi paṛ rahā hai ( 133 ) and sămne [ ... ] misez vāsvānī dikhāi parti haim ( 133 ) ; - jhāṁknā “ look ” : vah nice jhāṁktā hai ( Kamleśvar 1986 : scene 8gha , dis- cussed below ) as against dhaṛakte dil se jhäṁk ...
Page 105
... rahā hai . măsṭar ji hāth se uske hilte pairom ko rok dete haim " Seated on a stool [ ... ] he is swinging his legs . The master stops his swinging legs with his hand . " There is a contrast here between an action ( " swinging " ) going ...
... rahā hai . măsṭar ji hāth se uske hilte pairom ko rok dete haim " Seated on a stool [ ... ] he is swinging his legs . The master stops his swinging legs with his hand . " There is a contrast here between an action ( " swinging " ) going ...
Page 130
Th Damsteegt. hai ki koi apurv avsar hathom se niklā jā rahā ho ( 64 ) " It seems as if some unique oppor- tunity is about to slip from my hands " , and lag rahā hai , jaise sab bāteṁ vyarth hoṁ [ ... ] ( 65 ) " It seems as if all words ...
Th Damsteegt. hai ki koi apurv avsar hathom se niklā jā rahā ho ( 64 ) " It seems as if some unique oppor- tunity is about to slip from my hands " , and lag rahā hai , jaise sab bāteṁ vyarth hoṁ [ ... ] ( 65 ) " It seems as if all words ...
Contents
Quoted discourse and internal focalisation | 14 |
Internal focalisation of awareness | 33 |
Psychological insight in early texts | 48 |
Copyright | |
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Common terms and phrases
actions Ajñeya's Aorist awareness camera eye character-bound focalisation character-bound narrator Cohn conditional mood consonant psycho-narration consonant self-narration continuous present dekhā Delhi discussed in chapter emotional example experiencing explained expresses features the present feelings flashback Fludernik Giriraj girl haim Hindi Hiraman hūṁ implicitly internal initial paragraph initial sentence inquit insight interior monologue internal focalisation internal sensory focalisation introduction iterative Jainendra Kumar's jātā jāti Kamleśvar kamre kuch kyā lack look maiṁ main character Meisig meṁ metanarrative mother nahim narrative narratorial narratorial report non-iterative novel observed past tense perception perfective aspect performing narration Pořízka Premcand's present tense present-tense passages protagonist quotation rahā rahā hai rahe haiṁ rahi reader refer retroversions reveals Satya scene second sentence shows the present Simh starts style suggests techniques tence thā tion told types of present Uskā bacpan verb woman words