The Present Tense in Modern Hindi FictionThe Present Tense in Modern Hindi Fiction contributes to the interpretation of Hindi prose by analysing the use of the present tense in over 250 texts. While sketching the history of the present tense in Hindi fiction, the book focuses primarily on the narrative techniques that invite its use, such as interior monologue, free indirect discourse, consonant psycho-narration, and camera eye. Moreover, it offers a fresh interpretation of the two types of present tense found in Hindi. The indexes of authors, titles, and analytical concepts provide easy access to the analyses. The book will also be of interest to scholars studying the use of the present tense in modern fiction worldwide. The present tense is used more widely in Hindi than in languages such as English, and some trends that are also found in the literatures of other languages (such as the occurrence of the present tense in internal sensory focalisation) are more clearly visible in Hindi fiction. More importantly, a new explanation of present-tense passages is proposed which can also be applied elsewhere. Insight into this technique, referred to as Internal Focalisation of Awareness, leads to a better understanding of present-tense texts. |
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Page 22
... past - tense example of FIT within a past - tense context . räste mem [ ... ] usne ' mamkroni ' kā ek ḍibbā kharīdā jo sambhavtaḥ dukāndār ke pās ek hi thă ( 102 ) “ On the way he bought [ ... ] a tin of macaroni which was probably the ...
... past - tense example of FIT within a past - tense context . räste mem [ ... ] usne ' mamkroni ' kā ek ḍibbā kharīdā jo sambhavtaḥ dukāndār ke pās ek hi thă ( 102 ) “ On the way he bought [ ... ] a tin of macaroni which was probably the ...
Page 92
... tense , this action could well have been a case of IFA , linking the reader with the woman's own vague awareness of her action and the reason for it , and thereby making a more di- rect impact . Presented in the past tense , however ...
... tense , this action could well have been a case of IFA , linking the reader with the woman's own vague awareness of her action and the reason for it , and thereby making a more di- rect impact . Presented in the past tense , however ...
Page 132
... past self , and the one that distances him- self from his past , usually narrating in the past tense . However , the past tense is in itself no sign of the latter type of narrator , because the first type , too , may well narrate in the ...
... past self , and the one that distances him- self from his past , usually narrating in the past tense . However , the past tense is in itself no sign of the latter type of narrator , because the first type , too , may well narrate in the ...
Contents
Quoted discourse and internal focalisation | 14 |
Internal focalisation of awareness | 33 |
Psychological insight in early texts | 48 |
Copyright | |
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Common terms and phrases
actions Ajñeya's Aorist awareness camera eye character-bound focalisation character-bound narrator Cohn conditional mood consonant psycho-narration consonant self-narration continuous present dekhā Delhi discussed in chapter emotional example experiencing explained expresses features the present feelings flashback Fludernik Giriraj girl haim Hindi Hiraman hūṁ implicitly internal initial paragraph initial sentence inquit insight interior monologue internal focalisation internal sensory focalisation introduction iterative Jainendra Kumar's jātā jāti Kamleśvar kamre kuch kyā lack look maiṁ main character Meisig meṁ metanarrative mother nahim narrative narratorial narratorial report non-iterative novel observed past tense perception perfective aspect performing narration Pořízka Premcand's present tense present-tense passages protagonist quotation rahā rahā hai rahe haiṁ rahi reader refer retroversions reveals Satya scene second sentence shows the present Simh starts style suggests techniques tence thā tion told types of present Uskā bacpan verb woman words