The Present Tense in Modern Hindi FictionThe Present Tense in Modern Hindi Fiction contributes to the interpretation of Hindi prose by analysing the use of the present tense in over 250 texts. While sketching the history of the present tense in Hindi fiction, the book focuses primarily on the narrative techniques that invite its use, such as interior monologue, free indirect discourse, consonant psycho-narration, and camera eye. Moreover, it offers a fresh interpretation of the two types of present tense found in Hindi. The indexes of authors, titles, and analytical concepts provide easy access to the analyses. The book will also be of interest to scholars studying the use of the present tense in modern fiction worldwide. The present tense is used more widely in Hindi than in languages such as English, and some trends that are also found in the literatures of other languages (such as the occurrence of the present tense in internal sensory focalisation) are more clearly visible in Hindi fiction. More importantly, a new explanation of present-tense passages is proposed which can also be applied elsewhere. Insight into this technique, referred to as Internal Focalisation of Awareness, leads to a better understanding of present-tense texts. |
Contents
Quoted discourse and internal focalisation | 14 |
Internal focalisation of awareness | 33 |
Psychological insight in early texts | 48 |
Copyright | |
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actions Ajńeya's Aorist camera eye character-bound focalisation character-bound narrator character's Cohn conditional mood consonant psycho-narration consonant self-narration continuous present dekhā discussed in chapter emotional example experiencing explained expresses features the present feelings flashback Fludernik gayā girl Himāṁśu Hindi implicitly internal initial paragraph initial sentence inquit interior monologue internal focalisation internal sensory focalisation introduced iterative Jainendra Jainendra Kumār's Jaltī jhārī jātā jātā hai jātī Kamleśvar kamre kuch Kumar's kyā look maim main character Meisig metanarrative mother nahīm narrative narratorial narratorial report Nirmalā non-iterative novel observed past tense perception perfective aspect performing narration Pořízka Premcand's present tense present-tense passages protagonist rahā hai rahā hūm rahe haim rahi Rameś reader refer retroversions reveals Satya scene second sentence Simh Soyā huā śahar starts style suggests techniques tence thā tion told types of present Uskā bacpan verb woman words