that ever has been applied to the use of religion. The fame of Julius the Second, Leo the Tenth, and Sixtus the Fifth, is accompanied by the superior merit of Bramante and Fontana, of Raphael and Michael-Angelo: and the same munificence which had been displayed in palaces and temples, was directed with equal zeal to revive and emulate the labours of antiquity. Prostrate obelisks were raised from the ground, and erected in the most conspicuous places; of the eleven aqueducts of the Cæsars and consuls, three were restored; the artificial rivers were conducted over a long series of old, or of new, arches, to discharge into marble basins a flood of salubrious and refreshing waters and the spectator, impatient to ascend the steps of St. Peter's, is detained by a column of Egyptian granite, which rises between two lofty and perpetual fountains, to the height of one hundred and twenty feet. The map, the description, the monuments of ancient Rome, have been elucidated by the diligence of the antiquarian and the student: 75 and the footsteps of heroes, the relics, not of superstition, but of empire, are devoutly visited by a new race of pilgrims from the remote, and once savage, countries of the North.

Final

Of these pilgrims, and of every conclusion. reader, the attention will be excited by an history of the decline and fall of the

75 The Père Montfaucon distributes his own observations into twenty days, he should have styled them weeks, or months, of his visits to the different parts of the city (Diarium Italicum, c. 8-20. p. 104-301.). That learned Benedictine reviews the topographers of Ancient Rome; the first efforts of Blondus, Fulvius, Martianus, and Faunus; the superior labours of Pyrrhus Ligorius, had his learning been equal to his labours; the writings of Onuphrius Panvinius, qui omnes obscuravit, and the recent but imperfect books of Donatus and Nardini. Yet Montfaucon still sighs for a complete plan and descrip

Roman empire; the greatest, perhaps, and most awful scene, in the history of mankind. The various causes and progressive effects are con nected with many of the events most interesting in human annals: the artful policy of the Cæsars, who long maintained the name and image of a free republic; the disorders of military despotism; the rise, establishment, and sects of Christianity; the foundation of Constantinople; the division of the monarchy; the invasion and settlements of the barbarians of Germany and Scythia; the institutions of the civil law; the character and religion of Mahemet; the temporal sovereignty of the popes; the restoration and decay of the Western empire of Charlemagne; the crusades of the Latins in the East; the conquests of the Saracens and Turks; the ruin of the Greek empire; the state and revolutions of Rome in the middle age. The historian may applaud the importance and variety of his subject; but, while he is conscious of his own imperfections, he must often accuse the deficiency of his materials. It was among the ruins of the Capitol, that I first conceived the idea of a work which has amused and exercised near twenty years of my life, and which, however inadequate to my own wishes, I finally deliver to the curiosity and candour of the public.

LA: SANNE, June 27. 1787

tion of the old city, which must be attained by the three following methods: 1. The measurement of the space and intervals of the ruins. 2. The study of inscriptions, and the places where ther wer found. 3. The investigation of all the acts, charters, diaries of the middle ages, which name any spot or building of Rome. The a borious work, such as Montfaucon desired, must be promoted be princely or public munificence: but the great modern plan of Na (A. D. 1745) would furnish a solid and accurate basis for the ancien topography of Rome.

A

ABAN, the Saracen, heroism of his widow, 900.

Abbassides, elevation of the house of, to the office of caliph
of the Saracens, 933.

Abdallah, the Saracen, his excursion to plunder the fair
of Abyla, 902. His African expedition, 914.

Abdalmalek, caliph of the Saracens, refuses tribute to the
emperor of Constantinople, and establishes a national
mint, 928.

Abdalrahman, the Saracen, establishes his throne at
Cordova in Spain, 934. Splendour of his court, 935.
His estimate of his happiness, 936.

Abdelaziz, the Saracen, his treaty with Theodemir the
Gothic prince of Spain, 921, 922. His death, 922.
Abderame, his expedition to France, and victories there,
931. His death, 932.

Abdol Motalleb, the grandfather of the prophet Mahomet,
his history, 867.

Abgarus, enquiry into the authenticity of his correspond.
ence with Jesus Christ, 834

Abgarus, the last king of Edessa, sent in chains to
Rome, 79.

Ablavius, the confidential præfect under Constantine the
Great, a conspiracy formed against him on that empe-
ror's death, 250, 251. Is put to death, 251.
Abu Ayub, his history, and the veneration paid to his
memory by the Mahometans, 927. 1182.
Abubeker, the friend of Mahomet, is one of his first con-
verts, 874. Flies from Mecca with him, 875. Succeeds
Mahomet as caliph of the Saracens, 885. His charac-
ter, 892. Invades Syria, 897.

Abu Caab commands the Andalusian Moors who subdued
the island of Crete, 940.

Abu Sophian, prince of Mecca, conspires the death of
Mahomet, 875. Battles of Beder and Ohud, 877, 878.
Surrenders
Besieges Medina without success, 878.

Mecca to Mahomet, and receives him as a prophet, 879.
Abu Taher, the Carmathian, pillages Mecca, 945.
Abulfeda, his account of the splendour of the caliph Moc-
tader, 935.

Abulpharagius, primate of the Eastern Jacobites, some
account of, 800. His encomium on wisdom and learn-
ing, 936.

Abundantius, general of the East, and patron of the
eunuch Eutropius, is disgraced and exiled by him, 506.
Abyla, the fair of, plundered by the Saracens, 902.
Abyssinia, the inhabitants of, described, 696. Their alli
Ecclesiastical
ance with the emperor Justinian, 697.
history of, 803, 804.

Acacius, bishop of Amida, an uncommon instance of
episcopal benevolence, 517.

Achaia, its extent, 9.

Cha-

Etius, the Roman general under Valentinian III, his
character, 519. His treacherous scheme to ruin count
Boniface, 520. Is forced to retire into Pannonia, 526.
His invitation of the Huns into the empire, 508. Seizes
the administration of the Western empire, ibid. His
character, as given by Renatus, a contemporary his-
torian, ibid. Employs the Huns and Alani in the de-
fence of Gaul, 539. Concludes a peace with Theodoric,
540. Raises the siege of Orleans, 542. Battle of Chalons,
544. His prudence on the invasion of Italy by Attila,
540. Is murdered by Valentinian, 549.
Africa, its situation and revolutions, 10. Great revenue
Progress of Chris-
raised from, by the Romans, 61.
tianity there, 191. Is distracted with religious discord
in the time of Constantine the Great, 292, 293.
racter and revolt of the Circumcellions, 313. Oppres-
sions of, under the government of count Romanus, 385.
General state of, 386, 387. Revolt of count Boniface
there, 520. Arrival of Genseric king of the Vandals,
521. Persecution of the Donatists, ibid. Devastations
of, by the Vandals, 522. Carthage surprised by Gen-
seric, 524. His treatment of the African exiles and cap.
Persecution of the Catholics, 582-584.
tives, 524, 525,
Expedition of Belisarius to, 654. Is recovered by the
Romans, 658. The government of, settled by Justinian,
659. Revolt of the troops there, under Stoza, 698.
Devastation of the war, 699. Invasion of, by the Sara
cens, 914 Final conquest of, by Akbah, 917. Decline
and extinction of Christianity there, 925. Revolt and
independence of the Saracens there, 945.

Aglabites, the Saracen dynasty of, 945.

Aglae, a Roman lady, patronises St. Boniface, 218.
Agricola, review of his conduct in Britain, 2.
Agriculture, great improvement of, in the western
countries of the Roman empire, 20, 21. Encouraged in
Persia by Zoroaster, 76. State of, in the Eastern em-
pire, under Justinian, 635.

Ajar, the sepulchre of, how distinguished, 223.
Aiznadin, battle of, between the Saracens and the Greeks,

899.

Akbah, the Saracen, his exploits in Africa, 915-917.
Alani invade Asia, but are repulsed by the emperor
Tacitus, 122, 123. Conquest of, by the Huns, 401. Join
the Goths who had emigrated into Thrace, 407. See
Goths, and Vandals.

Alaric, the Goth, learns the art of war under Theodosius
the Great, 437. Becomes the leader of the Gothic re-
Escapes from
volt, and ravages Greece, 459, 460.
Stilicho, 461. Is appointed master general of the
Eastern Illyricum, ibid. His invasion of Italy, 462. Is
defeated by Stilicho at Pollentia, 464. Is driven out
of Italy, 461, 465. Is, by treaty with Honorius, declared
master general of the Roman armies throughout the
præfecture of Illyricum, 472. His pleas and motives
for marching to Rome, 485. Encamps under the walls
of that city, ibid. Accepts a ransom, and raises the
siege, 486. His negotiations with the emperor Honorius,
487. His second siege of Rome, 488. Places Attalus

on the Imperial throne, 459. Degrades him, ibid.
Seizes the city of Rome, 490–492. His sack of Rome
compared with that by the emperor Charles V., 493.
Retires from Rome, and ravages Italy, ibid. His death

and burial, 494.

Alaric 11, king of the Goths, his overthrow by Clovis king
of the Franks, 594.

Alberic, the son of Marozia, his revolt, and government
of Rome, 854.

Albigeois of France, persecution of, 971.
Albinus. See Clodius Albinus.

Alboin, king of the Lombards, his history, 745. His
alliance with the Avars against the Gepidæ, 744 Re-
duces the Gepida, ibid. He undertakes the conquest
of Italy, ibid. Overruns what is now called Lombardy,
745, 746. Assumes the regal title there, 746 Takes
Pavia, and makes it his capital city, ibid. Is murdered
at the instigation of his queen Rosamond, ibid.
Alchemy, the books of, in Egypt, destroyed by Diocletian,
138.

Alemanni. See Allemanni.

Aleppo, siege and capture of, by the Saracens, 906. Is re-
covered by the Greeks, 948. Is taken and sacked by
Tamerlane, 1130.

Alexander III., pope, establishes the papal election in the
college of cardinals, 1196.

Alexander, archbishop of Alexandria, excommunicates
Arius for his heresy, 297.

By

Alexander Severus, is declared Cæsar by the emperor
Elagabalus, 56. Is raised to the throne, 57. Education
and virtuous temper, ibid. Journal of his ordinary
life, 57, 58. Happiness of the world under his admini-
stration, 58. Attempts to reform the army, ibid. Sedi-
tion of the prætorian guards, 59. His firmness during a
sedition of one of the legions, ibid. Defects of his reign
and character, 60. His murder by Maximin, 65. Ex-
amination into his pretended victory over Artaxerxes,
79. Showed a regard for the Christian religion, 210.
Alexandria, a general massacre there, by order of the
emperor Caracalla, 52. The city described, 106. Is
ruined by ridiculous intestine commotions, ibid.
famine and pestilence, ibid. Is besieged and taken by
Diocletian, 138. The Christian theology reduced to a
systematical form in the school of, 190. Number of
martyrs who suffered there in the persecution by
Decius, 205. The theological system of Plato taught in
the school of, and received by the Jews there, 294.
Questions concerning the nature of the Trinity, agi.
tated in the philosophical and Christian schools of, 295,
206. History of the archbishop St. Athanasius, 301-310.
Outrages attending his expulsion and the establishment
of his successor, George of Cappadocia, 309.
The city
distracted by pious factions, 311. Disgraceful life and
tragical death of George of Cappadocia, 344. Restora
tion of Athanasius, 345. Athanasius banished by
Julian, 346. Suffers greatly by an earthquake, SU3,
History of the temple of Serapis there, 443.
ple, and the famous library, destroyed by bishop Theo.
philus, 443, 444. Is taken by Amrou the Saracen, 910,
911. The famous library destroyed, 911, 912.
Alerius Angelus, his usurpation of the Greck empire, and
character, 1061. Flies before the crusaders, 1067.
Alexius I. Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople, 826.
New titles of dignity invented by him, 955. Battle of
Durazzo, 997. Solicits the aid of the emperor Henry
III, 998. Solicits the aid of the Christian princes against
the Turks, 1019. His suspicious policy on the arrival
of the crusaders, 1028. Exacts homage from them,
1029. Profits by the success of the crusaders, 1041,
1042.

This tem

Alexius II. Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople, 828.
Alexius Strategopulus, the Greek general, retakes Con-
stantinople from the Latins, 1084.

Alexius, the son of Isaac Angelus, his escape from his
uncle, who had deposed his father, 1062.
His treaty
with the crusaders for his restoration, 1065. Restoration
of his father, 1069. His death, 1071.
Alfred sends an embassy to the shrine of St. Thomas in
India, 798.

Algebra, by whom invented, 937.

His

Ali, joins Mahomet in his prophetical mission, 875.
heroism, 879. His character, 885. Is chosen caliph of
the Saracens, 887. Devotion paid at his tomb, 888. His
posterity, ibid.

Aligern, defends Cumæ, for his brother Teias, king of the
Goths, 708. Is reduced, ibid.

Allectus murders Carausius, and usurps his station, 136,
Allemanni, the origin and warlike spirit of, 97. Invade

Gaul and Italy, 98. Are driven out of Italy by the
senate and people, ibid. Invade the empire under
Aurelian, 112. Are totally routed, 113. Invade and
establish themselves in Gaul, 270. Are defeated at
Strasburgh by Julian, 272, 273. Are reduced by Julian
in his expeditions beyond the Rhine, 274. Invade Gaul
under the emperor Valentinian, 379. Are reduced by
Jovinus, 350. And chastised by Valentinian, ibid Are
subdued by Clovis king of the Franks, 90.

Alp Arslan, sultan of the Turks, his reign, 1610.
Alypius, governor of Britain, is cominissioned by the
emperor Julian to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, 190
Amala, king of the Goths, his high credit among them,
Amalasontha, queen of Italy, her history and character,
663, 664. Her death, 664.

92.

Amalphi, description of the city, and its commerce, G.
Amazons, improbability of any society of, 118, note B
Ambition, reflections on the violence, and various oper
ations of that passion, 832, 833.

Ambrose, St., composed a treatise on the Trinity, for the
use of the emperor Gratian, 418, note 4 His birth, and
promotion to the archbishopric of Milan, 426, 47. Op
poses the Arian worship of the empress Justina,
Refuses obedience to the Imperial power, 42. (x
trols the emperor Theodosius, 44 Imposes penance
on Theodosius for his cruel treatment of Thessalonica,
ibid. Employed his influence over Gratian and Thes
dosius, to inspire them with maxims of persecution,
439. Opposes Symmachus, the advocate for the aid
Pagan religion, 441. Comforts the citizens of Florence
with a dream, when besieged by Radagaisus, 403
Amantius, the eunuch, death of, 627.
Amida, siege of, by Sapor king of Persia,
the fugitive inhabitants of Nisibis, 366.
taken by Cabades king of Persia, 647.
Amir, prince of Ionia, his character, and passage inta
Europe, 1120

2 Receives
Is besieged and

Ammianus, the historian, his religious character of the
emperor Constantius, 302. His remark on the enmity
of Christians toward each other, ibid. His account of
the fiery obstructions to restoring the temple of Jers-
salem, $40. His account of the hostile contest of Ds.
masus and Ursinus for the bishopric of Rome, 578 Ts
timony in favour of his historical merit,414. and note 113
His character of the nobles of Rome, 480-482
Ammonius, the mathematician, his measurement of the
circuit of Rome, 484.

Ammonius, the monk of Alexandria, his martyrdom, 792
Amorium, siege and destruction of, by the caliph Mits
sem, 943.

Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium, gains the favour of the
emperor Theodosius by an orthodox bon mot, 401
Amphitheatre at Rome, a description of, 131. 125.
Amrou, his birth and character, 908. His invasion and
conquest of Egypt, 909, 910. His administration there,
912, 913. His description of the country, 915
Amurath I., sultan of the Turks, his reign, 1121, 1122
Amurath II., sultan, his reign and character, 1157. 1160–
1162.

Anachorets, in monkish history, described, 578.
Anacletus, pope, his Jewish extraction, 1199
Anastasius 1. marries the empress Ariadne, 615. His war
with Theodoric, the Ostrogoth king of Italy, 619, EA
His economy celebrated, 658. His long wall from the
Propontis to the Euxine, 65, 66. Is humbled by the
Catholic clergy, 791.

Anastasius 11, emperor of Constantinople, 811. His pre-
parations of defence against the Saracens, 92, FU
Anastasius, St., his brief history and martyrdom, 7,
note 63.

Anatho, the city of, on the banks of the Euphrates, de-
scribed, 353.

Andalusia, derivation of the name of that province, 918,
note 166.

Andronicus, president of Lybia, excommunicated by Sy.
nesius bishop of Ptolemais, 90.

Andronicus Comnenus, his character, and first adventures,
828-830. Seizes the empire of Constantinople, S1. His
unhappy fate, 832.

Andronicus, the Elder, emperor of Constantinople, bis
superstition, 1095. His war with his grandson, and
abdication, 1103. His death, 1104.

Andronicus, the Younger, emperor of Constantinople, his
licentious character, 1102. His civil war against his
grandfather, 1103. His reign, 1103, 1104. Is vanquished
and wounded by sultan Orchan, 1119. His private ap
plication to pope Benedict XII. of Rome, 1141
Angora, battle of, between Tamerlane and Bajaret, 113
Anianus, bishop of Orleans, his pious anxiety for the re
lief of that city, when besieged by Attila the Hua,

542.

Anician family at Rome, brief history of, 478.
Anna Comnena, character of her history of her father,
Alexius I. emperor of Constantinople, 826
spiracy against her brother John, ibid.
Anthemius, emperor of the West, his descent, and in.
vestiture by Leo the Great, 562. His election confirmed
at Rome, 562, 563. Is killed in the sack of Rome by
Ricier, 568.

Anthemius, præfect of the East, character of his admin
stration, in the minority of the emperor Theodosius the
Younger, 513, 514.

Anthemius the architect, instances of his great knowledgr
in mechanics, 641. Forms the design of the church of
St. Sophia at Constantinople, 642,

Anthony, St., father of the Egyptian monks, his history,
573.

Anthropomorphites, among the early Christians, personi-
fiers of the Deity, 779, 780.

Antioch taken and destroyed by Sapor king of Persia, 102.
Flourishing state of the Christian church there, in the
reign of Theodosius, 190. History of the body of St.
Babylas, bishop of, 343. The cathedral of, shut up, and
its wealth confiscated, by the emperor Julian, 344. Li-
centious manners of the citizens, 350. Popular discon-
tents during the residence of Julian there, 351. Sedi-
tion there, against the emperor Theodosius, 432. The
city pardoned, 433. Is taken and ruined, by Chosroes
I. king of Persia, 689. Great destruction there by an
earthquake, 714. Is again seized by Chosroes II., 768.
Is reduced by the Saracens, and ransomed, 906. Is re-
covered by the Greeks, 948. Besieged and taken by
the first crusaders, 1033-1036. Final capture of, by the
Mahometans, 1057.

Antonina, the wife of Belisarius, her character, 653. Ex-
amines and convicts pope Sylverius of treachery, 671.
Her activity during the siege of Rome, 672. Her secret
history, 677. Founds a convent for her retreat, 712.
Antoninus, a Roman refugee at the court of Sapor king of
Persia, stimulates him to an invasion of the Roman
provinces, 268.

Antoninus Pius, his character compared with that of
Hadrian, 30. Is adopted by Hadrian, 29.

Antoninus Marcus, his defensive wars, 4. Is adopted by
Pius at the instance of Hadrian, 29. His character,
30. His indulgence to his wife Faustina, 32.; and to
his son Commodus, ibid. His war against the united
Germans, 89. Suspicious story of his edict in favour of
the Christians, 209.

Aper, Arrius, prætorian præfect, and father-in-law to the
emperor Numerian, is killed by Diocletian as the pre-
sumptive murderer of that prince, 132.

Apharban, the Persian, his embassy from Narses king of
Persia, to the emperor Galerius, 141.
Apocalypse, why now admitted into the canon of the
Scriptures, 177, note 67.

Apocaucus, admiral of Constantinople, his confederacy
against John Cantacuzene, 1105. His death, 1106.
Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea, his hypothesis of the
divine incarnation of Jesus Christ, 780.

Apollinaris, patriarch of Alexandria, butchers his flock
in defence of the Catholic doctrine of the incarnation,
802.

Apollonius of Tyana, his doubtful character, 115, note
63.

Apotheosis of the Roman emperors, how this custom was
introduced, 26, 27.

Apsimar dethrones Leontius emperor of Constantinople,
and usurps his place, 809.

Apulia is conquered by the Normans, 989. Is confirmed
to them by papal grant, 990.

Aquileia, besieged by the emperor Maximin, 71. Is taken
and destroyed by Attila king of the Huns, 546.
Aquitain is settled by the Goths, under their king Wallia,
501. Is conquered by Clovis king of the Franks, 595.
Arabia, its situation, soil, and climate, 858, 859. Its di-
vision into the Sandy, the Stony, and the Happy, 859.
The pastoral Arabs, ibid. Their horses and camels,
860. Cities of, ibid. Manners and customs of the
Arabs, 861. Their language, 863. Their benevolence,
864. National independence, 861. Character, 862-864.
History and description of the Caaba of Mecca, 865.
Religions, 866. Life and doctrine of Mahomet, ibid.
Conquest of, by Mahomet, 880. Character of the ca-
liphs, 892. Rapid conquests of, 893. Limits of their
conquests, 927. Three caliphs established, 934. Intro-
duction of learning among the Arabians, 956. Their
progress in the sciences, 937. Their literary deficien-
cies, 938. Decline and fall of the caliphs, 946.
Arbetio, a veteran under Constantine the Great, leaves
his retirement to oppose the usurper Procopius, 373.
Arbogastes, the Frank, his military promotion under
Theodosius in Gaul, and conspiracy against Valentinian
the Younger, 435, 436. Is defeated by Theodosius, and
kills himself, 457, 438.

Arcadius, son of the emperor Theodosius, succeeds to the
empire of the East, 450 His magnificence, 504. Ex-
tent of his dominions, ibid. Administration of his fa-
vourite eunuch Eutropius, 505. His cruel law against
treason, 506, 507. Signs the condemnation of Eutro-
pius, 508. His interview with the revolters Tribigild
and Gainas, 509. His death, and supposed testament,
513.

Architecture, Roman, the general magnificence of, indi-
cated by the existing ruins, 17. Notice of some of the
more remarkable specimens of, 17, 18.
Ardaburius, his expedition to Italy, to reduce the usurper
John, 518.

Argonauts, the object of their expedition to Colchos, 691.
Ariadne, daughter of the emperor Leo, and wife of Zeno,
her character, and marriage afterward with Anasta
sius, 615.

Arinthæus, is appointed general of the horse by the em
peror Julian on his Persian expedition, 352. Distin-
guishes himself against the usurper Procopius, 373.
Ariovistus seizes two thirds of the lands of the Sequani
in Gaul, for himself and his German followers, 599.
Aristobulus, principal minister of the house of Carus, is
received into confidence by the emperor Diocletian,
133.

Aristotle, his logic better adapted to the detection of er-
ror, than for the discovery of truth, 937.
Arius, is excommunicated for heretical notions concern-
ing the Trinity, 297. Strength of his party, ibid. His
opinions examined in the council of Nice, 298.
count of Arian sects, 299. Council of Rimini, 300. 303.
His banishment and recal, S01. His suspicious death,
ibid. The Arians persecute the Catholics in Africa,

582.

Ac-

Armenia, is seized by Sapor king of Persia, 102. Tiri-
dates restored, 159. He is again expelled by the Per-
sians, 140. Is resigned to Tiridates by treaty between
the Romans and Persians, 142. Is rendered tributary
to Persia, on the death of Tiridates, 252. Character of
Arsaces Tiranus, king of, and his conduct toward the
emperor Julian, 351, 352. Is reduced by Sapor to a
Persian province, 387. Its distractions and division
between the Persians and the Romans, 517. History
of Christianity there, 801.

Armies of the Eastern empire, state of, under the em-
peror Maurice, 764.

Armorica, the provinces of, form a free government in-
dependent of the Romans, 502. Submits to Clovis king
of the Franks, 591. Settlement of Britons in, 607, 608.
Armour, defensive, is laid aside by the Romans, and
adopted by the barbarians, 439.

Arms of the Roman legions, described, 5, 6.

Arnold of Brescia, his heresy, and history, 1189, 1190.
Arragon, derivation of the name of that province, 8,

note 70.

Arrian, his visit to, and description of, Colchos, 691.
Arsaces Tiranus, king of Armenia, his character, and
disaffection to the emperor Julián, 351, 352. With-
draws his troops treacherously from the Roman service,
358. His disastrous end, 387.

Arsenius, patriarch of Constantinople, excommunicates
the emperor Michael Palæologus, 1094. Faction of the
Arsenites, ibid.

Artaban, king of Parthia, is defeated and slain by Arta-
xerxes king of Persia, 75.
Artaban, his conspiracy against the emperor Justinian,
704. Is intrusted with the conduct of the armament
sent to Italy, 705.

Artasires, king of Armenia, is deposed by the Persians
at the instigation of his own subjects, 517.
Artavasdes, his revolt against the Greek emperor Con-
stantine V. at Constantinople, 837.

Artaxerxes, restores the Persian monarchy, 74. Prohibits
every worship but that of Zoroaster, 77. Establishes
the royal authority in the Persian provinces, ibid. His
war with the Romans, 79. His character and maxims,
80.

Artemius, duke of Egypt under Constantine, is con
demned to death under Julian, for cruelty and cor-
ruption, 327.

Arthur, king of the Britons, his history obscured by
monkish fictions, 607.

Artillery of the Roman legions, 6.

Arvandus, prætorian præfect of Gaul, his trial and con-
demnation by the Roman senate, 566.

Ascalon, battle of, between Godfrey king of Jerusalem,
and the sultan of Egypt, 1038.

Ascetics, in ecclesiastical history, account of, 572.
Asclepiodatus reduces and kills the British usurper Al-
lectus, 136.

Asia, summary view of the revolutions in that quarter of
the world, 74.

Asia Minor described, 9, 10. Amount of its tribute to
Rome, 61. Is conquered by the Turks, 1014.
Asiarch, the nature of this office among the ancient Pa-
gans, 188, note 151.

Aspar, is commissioned by Theodosius the Younger to
conduct Valentinian III. to Italy, 518. Places his
steward Leo on the throne of the Eastern empire, 562.
He and his sons murdered by Leo, 615.
Assassins, the principality of, destroyed by the Moguls,

Astrology, why cultivated by the Arabian astronomers,

938.

Athalaric, the son of Amalasontha queen of Italy, his
education and character, 664.
Athanaric, the Gothic chief, his war against the emperor
Valens, 390. His alliance with Theodosius, his death
and funeral, 415.
Athanasius, St., confesses his understanding bewildered
by meditating on the divinity of the Logos, 298. Ge,
neral view of his opinions, 297. Is banished, 301, 302.
His character and adventures, 303–310. $45, 346. His
death, $77. Was not the author of the famous creed
under his name, 584, note 114.
Athanasius, patriarch of Constantinople, his contests with
the Greek emperor Andronicus the Elder, 1101, 1102
Athenais, daughter of the philosopher Leontius.
Eudocia.
Athens, the libraries in that city, why said to have been
spared by the Goths, 102. Naval strength of the re-
public of, during its prosperity, 166, note 106. Is laid
under contribution by Alaric the Goth, 460. Review
of the philosophical history of, 64, 649. The schools
of, silenced by the emperor Justinian, 649. Revolu-
tions of, after the crusades, and its present state, 1100,
1101

See

Athos, Mount, beatific visions of the monks of, 1108,
1169.

Atlantic Ocean, derivation of its name, 10.
Attacotti, a Caledonian tribe of cannibals, account of,

384.

Attalus, præfect of Rome, is chosen emperor by the
senate, under the influence of Alaric, 489. Is publicly
degraded, ibid. His subsequent fortune, 499.
Attalus, a noble youth of Auvergne, his adventures, 601,
602.

Attila, the Hun, 527. Description of his person and
character, ibid. His conquests, 528, 529. His treat-
ment of his captives, 550. Imposes terms of peace on
Theodosius the Younger, 531, 532. Oppresses Theo-
dosius by his ambassadors, 533. Description of his
royal residence, 554. His reception of the ambassadors
of Theodosius, 535. His behaviour on discovering the
scheme of Theodosius to get him assassinated, 537.
His haughty messages to the emperors of the East and
West, 558. His invasion of Gaul, 542. His oration to
his troops on the approach of Etius and Theodoric,
544. Battle of Chalons, ibid. His invasion of Italy,
545, 546. His retreat purchased by Valentinian, 547.
His death, 548.

Atys and Cybele, the fable of, allegorised by the pen of
Julian, 332

Avars, are discomfited by the Turks, 684. Their embassy
to the emperor Justinian, ibid. Their conquests in
Poland and Germany, ibid. Their embassy to Justin
II., 743. They join the Lombards against the Gepidæ,
744. Pride, policy, and power, of their chagan Baian,
762. Their conquests, 763. Invest Constantinople, but
are repulsed, 773, 774.

Averroes, his religious infidelity, how far justifiable, 938,
note 72.

Aversa, a town near Naples, built as a settlement for the
Normans, 990.

Augurs, Roman, their number and peculiar office, 459.
Augustin, his account of the miracles wrought by the
body of St. Stephen, 448. Celebrates the piety of the
Goths in the sacking of Rome, 490. Approves the per-
secution of the Donatists of Africa, 521. His death,
character, and writings, 523. History of his relics,
658, note 22

Augustulus, son of the patrician Orestes, is chosen em-
peror of the West, 569. Is deposed by Odoacer, 570.
His banishinent to the Lucullan villa in Campania,
ibid.

Augustus, emperor, his moderate exercise of power, 1.
Is imitated by his successors, ibid. His naval regula-
tions, 7. His division of Gaul, 8. His situation after
the battle of Actium, 23. He reforms the senate, ibid.
Resigns his usurped power, ibid. Is prevailed upon to
resume it under the title of emperor or general, 23,
24. Division of the provinces between him and the
senate, 24. Is allowed his military command and
guards in the city of Rome, 25. Obtains the consular
and tribunitian offices for life, ibid. His character and
policy, 27. Adopts Tiberius, 28. Formed an accurate
register of the revenues and expenses of the empire,
60. Taxes instituted by him, 61. His naval establish-
raents at Ravenna, 466

Augustus and Cæsar, those titles explained and discrimi
nated, 27. Two Augusti and two Cæsars appointed,
145, 146.

Avienus, his character and embassy from Valentinian III.
to Attila king of the Huns, 547.

Avignon, the holy see how transferred from Rome to that
city, 1197. Return of pope Urban V. to Rome, 1211.
Avitus, his embassy from Etius to Theodoric king of the
Visigoths, 543. Assumes the empire, 553. His depo
sition and death, 555, 556.

Aurengzebe, account of his immense camp, 78, mete 41.
Aureolus is invested with the purple on the Upper
Danube, 107. His death, 108.

Ausonius, the tutor of the emperor Gratian, his promo-
tions, 418, note 2.

Autharis, king of the Lombards in Italy, his wars with
the Franks, 750. His adventurous gallantry, 752
Autun, the city of, stormed and plundered by the legion
in Gaul, 114.

Auvergne, province and city of, in Gaul, revolutions of,
600, 601.

Auxiliaries, barbarian, introduced into the Romas
armies, 6. The fatal consequences of such admission,
266.

Azuch, a Turkish slave, his generous friendship to the
princess Anna Comnena, 827. And to Manuel Com
nenus, ibid.

Azimuntium, the citizens of, defend their privilees
against Peter, brother of the Eastern emperor Maune,
763, 764.

Azimus, remarkable spirit shown by the citizens of
against Attila and his Huns, 532

B

Baalbec, description of the ruins of, 903.

Babylas, St., bishop of Antioch, his posthumous hustery,
343, 344.

Bagaude, in Gaul, revolt of, its occasion, and suppression
by Maximian, 134, 135.

Bagdad becomes the royal residence of the Abbassides,
935. Derivation of the name, ibid. note 43. The Quen
state of the caliphs of, 946. 1016. The city of, starma
and sacked by the Moguls, 1009.
Bahram, the Persian general, his character and exploits,
759. Is provoked to rebellion, ibid. Dethrones Chas

roes, 760. His usurpation and death, 761.
Baian, chagan of the Avars, his pride, policy, and power,
762. His perfidious seizure of Sirmium and Singitu.
num, 763. His conquests, ibid. His treacherous at
tempt to seize the emperor Heraclius, 770 Invests
Constantinople in conjunction with the Persians, T
Retires, 774.

Bajazet I, sultan of the Turks, his reign, 112, 112
His correspondence with Tamerlane, 1129 Is defeated
and captured by Tamerlane, 112. Enquiry into the
story of the iron cage, ibid. His sons, 1156, 1:37
Balbinus elected joint emperor with Maximus, by the
senate, on the deaths of the two Gordians, 7L
Baldwin, count of Flanders, engages in the fourth cru-
sade, 1062. Is chosen emperor of Constantinople, 1075
Is taken prisoner by Calo-John, king of the Bul
garians, 1079. His death, ibid.

Baldwin H., emperor of Constantinople, 1082. Hie dis
tresses and expedients, 1083. His expulsion from that
city, 1085.

Baldwin, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, accompanies
him on the first crusade, 1025. Founds the principality
of Edessa, 1033.

Baltic Sea, progressive subsidence of the water of, 51,
note 1. How the Romans acquired a knowledge of the
naval powers of, 381, note 103.

Baptism, theory and practice of, among the primitive
Christians, 272

Barbary, the name of that country, whence derived, SI”,
note 162. The Moors of, converted to the Mahometan
faith, 918.

Barbatio, general of infantry in Gaul under Julian, his
misconduct, 272

Barcochebas, his rebellion against the emperor Hadrian,

195.

Bards, Celtic, their power of exciting a martial enthu
siasm in the people, 87, 88.

Bards, British, their peculiar office and duties, 609.
Bardas, Caesar, one of the restorers of learning, 964.
Bari is taken from the Saracens by the joint efforts of the
Latin and Greek empires, 985.

Barlaam, a Calabrian monk, his dispute with the Greek
theologians about the light of Mount Thabor, 1108. His
embassy to Rome, from Andronicus the Younger, 1141.
His literary character, 1153.

Basil I., the Macedonian, emperor of Constantinople, 817,
818. Reduces the Paulicians, 969.
Basil II, emperor of Constantinople, 821, 822. His great
wealth, 954. His inhuman treatment of the Bul
garians, 974, 975.

Basil, archbishop of Cæsarea, no evidence of his having
been persecuted by the emperor Valens, S$77. Insulis