CONTENTS. Letter of submittal. Preface Chapter I.-Principles and methods of stowing. Theory of stowing. Principles Shipowner's responsibility. Operations of stowing--. Agencies in loading ships--. The stevedore_-_. Longshoremen_. Longshore unions and wages. Handling of commodities. Handling freight through side ports. Handling freight through hatches. Handling by ship's tackle__. Kinds of tackle and power gained_-- Ship's tackle used with cargo mast and pier winches. Use of wharf cranes. Use of floating cranes or derricks_ Use of specialized equipment_. Handling free-flowing bulk freight. Stowing commodities in the hold__ Stowing of barrels. Stowing of cotton... Standard methods of handling sugar. Barrel handling- Bag or sack handling. Case and container handling__ Chapter II. Stowing to secure maximum weight and volume_ Page. 9 11 13 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 18 21 21 22 22 28 29 30 32 32 34 31 35 39 43 4-4 44 44 45 45 45 46 47 48 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 56 56 57 Advantages of carrying full loads_ Selection of a balanced cargo_ Calculation of weight and volume_ Arranging a desirable combination_ Transportation of commodities with unsatisfactory relation between weight and volume. Special design of vessel. Selection of routes to satisfy cargo needs Improvement in packing and stowing_-_. Possibilities and limitations of packing Packing of cotton Unfilled space or "broken stowage Planning the stowage.. Stowage to economize space between units. Filling in broken stowage spaces_- Chapter III.-Stowing to prevent damage or danger to the ship or crew_ Stability. Excessive rolling_. Influence of deck loads_-_. Damage by improper longitudinal distribution of weights.. Cargo insurance_ Chapter V.-Stowing to secure maximum speed and minimum cost__. Page. 58 58 58 63 63 63 64 65 65 66 66 66 67 67 68 68 69 69 71 72 73 74 75 77 77 78 79 79 81 81 83 83 84 86 87 88 89 91 91 91 93 93 94 95 96 97 97 98 99 99 100 100 100 Chapter V.-Stowing to secure maximum speed and minimum cost-Con. Placing goods on the pier. Separation of coffee shipments_. Separation of goods while unloading Stacking to protect goods and save space_ Adequate lighterage service Necessity for lighters--- Classes of lighters--- Standardization of transfer equipment_ Evidence of nonstandardization___ Principles that may be applied. Use of all hatches___. Limitations imposed by wharf facilities_. Lack of transfer equipment--- Methods of stowing goods in the hold_. Page. 101 101 102 103 104 105 105 106 106 107 110 110 111. 111 112 Chapter VI.-Laws relating to seaworthiness of vessels_ Chapter VII.-Laws relating to carriage of live stock--- Regulations of the United States Department of Agriculture__ |