The Muslim World: The Mongol period

able activity al-Din al-Malik already appeared army Asia attempt authority battle became become began Black brother brought Caliph campaign Central Asia century China Chinese Christian church civilization continued course court Crimea cultural death died dynasty early East eastern effect Egypt Egyptian empire established Europe existence fighting followed forces further Golden Horde groups hand held Hindu Ilkhāns important independence India influence interests internal Islām Islāmic Jingiz Khān lands latter Mamlūk Mesopotamia military Mongol Moscow Muḥammad Muslim Nestorian northern organized Ottoman period Persia political population position possession princes probably Qara realm region reign relations religious remained resistance result rule ruler Russian Sarai Shāh soon subjects success Sulțān Syria Tabriz Tatar territory throne took trade Transoxiana tribes troops Turkish Turks turned victory Volga Western whole