The Muslim World: The Mongol period

able activity al-Din al-Malik already appeared army Asia attempt authority battle became become began brother brought Caliph campaign Central Asia century China Chinese Christian civilization continued course court Crimea cultural death died dynasty early East eastern effect Egypt Egyptian empire established Europe fighting followed forces further Golden Horde Grand groups hand held Ilkhāns important independence India influence interests internal Islām Islamic Jingiz Khan Khān lands latter London Mamlūks Mazandaran Mesopotamia military Mongol Moscow Muḥammad Muslim Nestorian organized Ottoman period Persia political population position possession princes probably Qara realm region reign relations religious remained resistance result rule ruler Russian Sarai soon subjects success Sulṭān Syria Tabriz Tatar territory throne Timur took trade Transoxiana tribes troops Turkish Turks turned victory Volga Western whole