The Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2

Abbās able administration advance al-Din Anatolia Arab Arabia army attack attempt authority battle became become began British brought Bukhārā Byzantine caliph called capital central century Christian command conquest continued Crusaders cultural death defeated developed dynasty east eastern economic effective Egypt empire established Europe fact finally forces formed frontier governor groups hand Herat important increased independent influence internal Islam Italy Khān known Konya land later leaders Mamluks marches Mecca merchants military Mongol movement Muḥammad Muslim nomads occupied officers Ottoman peace period Persian political population position princes principalities provinces region reign religious remained result rule ruler Russian Safavid Seljuk sent Shāh struggle succeeded succession sultan Syria taken territory throne took trade traditional tribes troops Turcomans Turkish Turks various victory western whole