Classical Traditions and Modern Meanings

addressed appear Arabic Arabic poetry associated beauty become beginning beloved called century classical close composed contains continued conventional court critics culture death described discussion early elements established example expression fact formal further garden genre ghazal gift give hand heart hemistich important Indian Islamic kaside king known language later lead lines literary literature Malay mamdūḥ meaning mentioned metre Muhammad Muslim nasib nature opening original Ottoman panegyric particular past patron pattern period Persian person poem poet poet's poetic poetry political popular position praise present prince Prophet qasida qasidah modéren reference relation religious remains rhetorical rhyme rule ruler seems sense social structure style texts themes tion tradition translation true turn University Urdu verse writing written