Buchanan, B. G., A. M. Duffield, and A. V. Robertson, “An Application of Artificial Intelligence to the Interpretation of Mass Spectra," Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications. G. W. A. Milne, Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 121, 1971. Michie, D. and B. G. Buchanan, "Current Status of the Heuristic DENDRAL Program for Applying Artificial Intelligence to the lnterpretation of Mass Spectra," Computers for Spectroscopy, R. A. G. Carrington, ed., London: Adam Hilger, 1974. Buchanan, B. G., “Scientific Theory Formation by Computer," Nato Advanced Study Institutes Series, Series E: Applied Science, 14:515. Noordhoff-Leyden, 1976. Buchanan, B. G., D. H. Smith, W. C. White, R. J. Gritter, E. A. Feigenbaum, J. Lederberg, and C. Djerassi, “Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Inference XXII. Automatic Rule Formation in Mass Spectrometry by Means of the Meta-DENDRAL Program." Journal of the ACS. 98:6168, 1976. MYCIN Shortlife, E. Computer-based Medical Consultations: MYCIN, New York. Elsevier, 1976. Davis, R., B. G. Buchanan, and E. H. Shortliffe. "Production Rules as a Representation for a Knowledge-Based Consultation Program," Artificial Intelligence. 8, 1, February, 1977. Shortiffe, E. H. and B. G. Buchanan, "A Model of Inexact Reasoning in Medicine," Mathematical Biosciences. 23:351, 1975. TEIRESIAS Davis, R.. "Applications of Meta Level Knowledge to the Construction, Maintenance and Use of Large Knowledge Bases," Memo HPP-76-7, Stanford Computer Science Department, Stanford, CA, 1976. Davis, R.. “Interactive Transfer of Expertise I: Acquisition of New Inference Rules," Proceedings of the Fifth International Joins Conference on Artificial Intelligence-1977. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 22-25, 1977. Davis, R. and B. G. Buchanan, "Meta-Level Knowledge: Overview and Applications," Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence-1977. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 22-25, 1977. SUIX Nii, H. P. and E. A. Feigenbaum, "Rule Based Understanding of Signals, ̈ Proceedings of the Conference on Pattern-Directed Inference Systems, 1978 (forthcoming), also Memo HPP-77-7, Stanford Computer Science Department, Stanford, CA. 1977. AM Lennt, D., "AM: An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Discovery in Mathematics as Heuristic Search," Memo HPP-76-8, Stanford Computer Science Department, Stanford, CA, 1976. MOLGEN Martin, N., P. Friedland, J. King, and M. Stefik, "Knowledge Base Management for Experiment Planning in Molecular Genetics,” Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence-1977. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 22-25, 1977. Stefik, M.. "Inferring DNA Structures from Segmentation Data," Artificial Intelligence, 1978 (in press). CRYSALIS Engelmore, R. and H. P. Nü, "A Knowledge-Based System for the interpretation of Protein X-Ray Crystallographic Data," Memo HPP-77-2, Department of Computer Science, Stanford, CA, 1977. Appendix F Allen Newell. "Remarks on the relationship between artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology," pp 363-400, in Theoretical Approaches to Non-Numerical Problem Solving, Part IV, edited by R. Banerji and M. D. Mesarovic, copyrighted 1970. Reprinted by permission of Springer-Verlag, New York. Remarks on the relationship between artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology.* Allen Newell Carnegie-Mellon University 1970 This research was supported by Research Grant *This paper was published in R. Banerji and ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Allen Newell Carnegie-Mellon University 1. INTRODUCTION Shortly after I agreed to participate in this conference, I received a letter from a psychologist friend, who had been working in the area of cognitive simulation. He had become discouraged, feeling that less and less work was going on. He felt that attempts to simulate cognitive functioning were a dead end and he was leaving the field. He wanted to let me know. Now, my own impression is that matters stand rather well in the use of information processing models in psychology. The dissonance between this letter and my own view led to considerable reflection over the next several months. This seems an appropriate occasion to pass on these reflections. Thus, I wish to address myself to the relationship between artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology. I will not provide here any survey of the research being done. Nor will I be reporting any new research (though in fact some of the odd pieces I will mention are fairly recent). Furthermore, these are reflections on the relationship. I shall not attempt any systematic argument. For that would be, in effect, to argue the necessity of my own world view -- my own Weltanshauung. And I agree with the substance of Churchman's paper in this conference, that one cannot argue such things directly. Let me set the stage by two preliminaries, before moving to the points themselves. 2. THE POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS We list in Figure 1 a number of possibilities that cover the range of relationships that might exist between artificial intelligence and psychology. The list moves roughly from weak to strong relationship as one moves from top to bottom. |