Pond Aquaculture Water Quality ManagementThe efficient and profitable production of fish, crustaceans, and other aquatic organisms in aquaculture depends on a suitable environment in which they can reproduce and grow. Because those organisms live in water, the major environ mental concern within the culture system is water quality. Water supplies for aquaculture systems may naturally be oflow quality or polluted by human activity, but in most instances, the primary reason for water quality impairment is the culture activity itself. Manures, fertilizers, and feeds applied to ponds to enhance production only can be partially converted to animal biomass. Thus, at moderate and high production levels, the inputs of nutrients and organic matter to culture units may exceed the assimilative capacity of the ecosystems. The result is deteriorating water quality which stresses the culture species, and stress leads to poor growth, greater incidence of disease, increased mortality, and low produc tion. Effluents from aquaculture systems can cause pollution of receiving waters, and pollution entering ponds in source water or chemicals added to ponds for management purposes can contaminate aquacultural products. Thus, water quality in aquaculture extends into the arenas of environmental protection and food quality and safety. A considerable body of literature on water quality management in aquaculture has been accumulated over the past 50 years. The first attempt to compile this information was a small book entitled Water Quality in Warmwater Fish Ponds (Boyd I 979a). |
Contents
9 | |
15 | |
6 | 39 |
7 | 50 |
8 | 70 |
Water Quality Requirements | 135 |
Water Use | 154 |
Liming | 178 |
Turbidity and Appearance of Water | 374 |
Aquatic Weed Control | 394 |
OffFlavors and Harmful Algae | 439 |
Pollution | 472 |
Chemical Physical and Biological Treatments | 498 |
Waste Management | 541 |
Measurement of Water Quality | 576 |
Sustainability and Environmental Issues | 601 |
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Common terms and phrases
2-methylisoborneol acid algal American Fisheries Society ammonia ammonium applied aquaculture ponds aquatic animals areas Auburn Auburn University bacteria biomass blooms blue-green algae brackish water C. E. Boyd calcium carbon dioxide carp cause channel catfish channel catfish ponds chemical chlorine compounds copper crustaceans culture depth dissolved oxygen dissolved oxygen concentrations effects effluents environmental fertilized ponds fish ponds fish production freshwater geosmin growth hydrogen hydrogen sulfide increase ions kg/ha liming materials macrophytes manure nitrate nitrogen nutrients off-flavor organic matter oxidation paddle-wheel aerators particles phosphate phosphorus photosynthesis phytoplankton phytoplankton communities plankton plants pond aquaculture pond bottom pond fertilization pond water potassium permanganate reduce respiration result salinity samples Secchi disk sediment shrimp farming sodium soluble species standing crops sulfate sulfide tilapia tion total alkalinity total ammonia total hardness toxicity toxins treatment Tucker turbidity uptake usually values water exchange water quality water temperature zooplankton µg/L