Figs. Ed, Fd, Gd.-The same stages in Terebratella rubicunda G. B. Sowerby. Fig. E.-Magas pumilus Sowerby, the Cretaceous prototype of this structure. Figs. Ef, Fe.-The magadiform and magaselliform stages of Magasella Cuming, Davidson.

Fig. Db.-Megerlina Lamarckiana Davidson, adult form of brachial supports. Fig. Cb.-Kraussina rubra Pallas, adult, showing septum and two branches. Fig. Cc.-Kraussina pisum Val. apud Lam.

Fig. Cd-Bouchardia rosea Mawe, adult, showing thickened cardinal process, hinge plate, and ring on the septum as in Ca.

PLATE II.

Fig. 1.-Brachial supports of Macandrevia cranium, nearly adult, p, p, points of former attachment to a septum in terebrataliform stage. Enlarged. Fig. 2.-Dorsal valve of Terebratulina septentrionalis Couth., with cirrated brachia attached, showing relations of calcareous loop, which is darkly shaded in the drawing.

Fig. 3.-Dorsal valve of Magellania kerguelenensis Davidson, with cirrated brachia attached, showing relations of calcareous loop, which is darkly shaded in the drawing.

Terebratalia obsoleta Dall.

Fig. 4. Loop in late platidiform stage, with cirrated margin of lophophore attached. x 15.

Fig. 5.-Side view of lower half of preceding, showing cirrated edge of lophophore passing from the descending branch of loop to septum, and over ascending branch. × 15.

Fig. 6.-Dorsal view of adult shell. Natural size.

Fig. 7.-Exterior of ventral valve. Natural size.

Fig. 8.-Profile showing relative convexity of valves. Natural size.

Fig. 9.-Front view. Natural size.

Fig. 10.-Early larval brachiopod, interior of dorsal valve, showing the incomplete circlet of tentacles or cirri, visceral mass, and some of the muscles; t1, tl', first tentacles developed; t2, t2', second pair of tentacles; 13, 13'; third pair of tentacles; t4, t4', last pair; t5, new tentacle just growing on one side of median line; m, mouth; ds, dental sockets; did, diductor muscles; ad, adductor muscles. × 90.

Figures 10, 11, 12, are drawn from specimens which had been dried and afterwards expanded by soaking in water, and then stained and prepared for mounting. The original proportions and relations of parts may be therefore somewhat altered.

Fig. 11.-Gwyniform stage, showing complete circle of cirri; ps, pallial sinus, se, setæ in edge of shrunken mantle.

Fig. 12.

× 60.

Cistelliform stage, showing deflection of growing cirrated edge of lophophore by dorsal septum, s; m, mouth; ad, adductor muscles; did, diductor muscles; ds, dental sockets. × 60.

PLATE III.

Ontogeny of the loop in Terebratalia obsoleta Dall.

Fig. 1.-Interior of dorsal valve in early cistelliform stage, showing median septum and dental sockets. × 25.

Fig. 2.-Side view of septum of preceding. × 25.

Fig. 3.-A little later stage, showing growth of two transverse expansions on septum. x 25.

Fig. 5.-Beginning of platidiform stage, showing groove on edge of septum with arched covering at posterior end, and growth of crural processes.

Fig. 6.-Side view of same. x 25.

× 25.

Fig. 7.-Side view of septum at a later stage, just before growth of descending branches of loop, showing form and position of ascending branches, or × 25.

secondary loop, and septal characters.

Fig. 8.-Platidiform stage, showing union of descending branches with septum. × 12.

Fig. 9.-Beginning of ismeniform stage, showing growth of ascending branches. × 12.

Fig. 10.-Early mühlfeldtiform stage, showing holes developed in ascending branches by resorption. x 12.

Fig. 11.-Oblique view of septum, with ascending branches broken off. x 12. Fig. 12.-Beginning of terebrataliform stage, showing union of ascending with

Fig. 13.-A little later stage, showing resorption of broad descending branches.

x 7.

Fig. 14.-Late adolescent stage, showing connecting bands from descending lamellæ to septum. ×21⁄2.

Fig. 15.-Fully adult loop, with connecting bands. × 2%.

VI.-CANADIAN SPIDERS. BY J. H. EMERTON. (With four Plates.)

THE spiders of Canada, as far as can be judged from the present collections, differ little from those of New England. Out of 61 species, from Labrador to Manitoba, 56 species live in New England; and out of 48 species from the Rocky Mountains, 27 have been found in New England. The spiders examined are from the following localities:

The Rocky Mountains, near the Canadian Pacific Railway, from 5000 ft., at Laggan, up to 8500 ft. on the neighboring mountains. A large collection from Thomas E. Bean.

Rocky Mountains, lat. 49° to 52°, from 3000 to 5000 ft., J. B. Tyrrell, 1883.

Alberta Territory, lat. 51° to 54°, long. 110° to 114°, J. B. Tyrrell.

Saskatchewan River, S. H. Scudder.

Lake Winnepegosis, D. B. Dowling, 1883.

Lake of the Woods, A. C. Lawson, 1884.

Ottawa, J. B. Tyrrell.

Montreal, J. H. Emerton.

Interior of Gaspé Peninsula, R. W. Ellis, 1883.

Anticosti, Magdalen Islands, and several ports around the Gulf of St. Lawrence, from Port Hawkesbury to Mingan Harbor, Samuel Henshaw, 1881.

Labrador, Bonne Esperance, lat. 51° 24', to Triangle Harbor, 52° 50', John Allen, 1882.

Among the spiders of Canada are several species that live but little south of its boundary, and there only at high elevations. The most conspicuous of these is Epeira carbonaria, which lives on the Alps in Europe, on the White Mountains in New Hampshire, and on the Rocky Mountains, as far south as Colorado, in all cases above the tree line. In Labrador the same species was found by Packard near Square Island, where the mountains are 400 to 1000 ft. high and bare at the top.

Pardosa grænlandica has been found as far north as Disco Island, Greenland, and along the coast to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is common on the White Mountains above the trees. In the Rocky

Mountains it occurs at 5000 ft., at Laggan, and in Colorado at 8000 ft. It is also among the spiders from Lake of the Woods, and on the Pacific coast it has been found at Portland, Oregon.

Pardosa tachypoda lives in the Rocky Mts., White Mts., and Labrador.

Pardosa uncata, in the Rocky Mts. and Labrador.

Pardosa glacialis lives from Disco I. to Labrador, and in the Rocky Mts., and may be the same as P. brunnea of the White Mts. and New England.

Lycosa fumosa is a new species from the Rocky Mts., near Laggan, at 5900 ft.

Gnaphosa brumalis lives in the Rocky Mts., White Mts., and Labrador.

Epeira patagiata is found at all the Canadian localities and south as far as Massachusetts.

Gnaphosa conspersa and Amaurobius silvestris live all over Canada and New England, and farther south.

Among the rarer species in these collections are two Epeiras of the angulata group; one, E. nigra, resembling the E. solitaria described in "New England Spiders ;" and the other, a small variety of E. nordmanni. Lathys pallida belongs to a genus new to the northern part of North America. Ceratinella laticeps has a different form of cephalothorax from the other species, it being widened in front, separating the lateral eyes widely from the others.

The absence and scarcity of several common species are noticeable. Agalena nævia is only found among the spiders from Lake Winnepegosis and one specimen from Bryon Island.

Theridium tepidariorum is absent, though mentioned among Miss Hunter's spiders from Montreal, described by Blackwall in 1871. Epeira sclopetaria is also absent except from Ottawa, the common species of this group being E. patagiata.

The Attidæ have been determined for me by Mr. Peckham and include one new species, Habrocestum montanum, from the Rocky Mountains. Prof. Packard has sent me the spiders described by Thorell from the Rocky Mountains and from the Polaris Arctic expedition, but I have not been able to find the spiders collected by Packard in Labrador and described by Thorell.

The earlier descriptions of Canadian spiders are hard to identify, but most of them will no doubt be explained as the species become better known or the type-specimens are found. In 1846, Blackwall described in the English Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist. a col

lection of spiders made in Canada by Prof. Potter, and in 1871, in the same magazine, a smaller collection by Miss Hunter, from Montreal. O. P. Cambridge described some Arctic spiders in the Ann. and Mag. for 1877, and some from Newfoundland in the Proceedings of the Royal Physical Soc. of Edinburgh, 1881. The spiders collected by A. S. Packard on the coast of Labrador, in 1864, were described by Thorell, in Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1875.

The following publications are often referred to:

J. H. Emerton, New England Spiders, in the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vols. 6, 7, and 8:Therididæ, 1882; Epeiridæ, 1884; Lycosidæ, 1885; Ciniflonidæ, 1888; Drassidæ, Agalenidæ, and Dysderidæ, 1890; Attidæ, 1891; Thomisidæ, 1892.

N. M. Hentz, Araneides of the United States, in Journal of the Boston Soc. of Natural History, vols. 4, 5, and 6; and reprinted with notes and additions in Occasional Papers of the same Society, in 1875.

G. W. and E. G. Peckham, North American Attidæ. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, Milwaukee, 1888.

E. Keyserling, papers on American Spiders in Verhandlungen der k. k. zool. botan. Gesellschaft, Wien, 1863 to 1887.

E. Keyserling, Die Spinnen Americas, vol. 1, Laterigradæ, 1880; vol. 2, Theridiidæ, Part 1, 1884; Part 2, 1886.

T. Thorell, Spiders from Labrador collected by A. S. Packard, Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1875.

T. Thorell, Araneæ collected in 1875 by A. S. Packard, Bulletin of Hayden's U. S. Geological Survey, vol. 3, 1877.

T. Thorell, Notice of the Spiders of the "Polaris" Arctic Expedition, American Naturalist, June, 1878.

Epeira nigra, new sp.

This species resembles closely E. silvatica, epecially the females. The males, besides being much darker than silvatica are larger, the cephalothorax being a fourth longer, while the legs are of the same length as those of silvatica, but much stouter and with longer spines. The abdomen of both sexes is covered with scattered light hairs; as in silvatica, but owing to the darker color they show more plainly.

In both sexes the general color is dark gray, almost as dark as E. carbonaria. The cephalothorax is covered with light gray hairs, very short in the male and long in the female. The light hairs on