BLOODHOUND

services whilst actually and entirely employed by His Highness beyond Her Majesty's dominion; granted Egyptian war medal and Star of Egypt for services rendered to H.M. Government and the Khedive during the events of 1882; Deputy Controller General of Egyptian ports and lighthouses, 1888; Comptroller General, 1901; received the order of Osmanieh 3rd Class from the Khedive and Her Majesty's permission to wear it, 1891.

Publications: Papers in Alexandria Archæological Society's Bulletins.

Bloodhound. British 3rd Class gun-boat (254 tons). Launched 1871.

Blossom. Ship. See Arctic Exploration.

Bloxamise. The method adopted by Mr. J. C. Bloxam to obtain smoothed mean values.

Blue Funnel Line. See Ocean Steamship Co., Ltd.

Bluejacket and Coastguard Gazette. Published monthly. Price id. Address: 51 Old Bailey, London, E.C.

Blue Peter. A blue flag with a white square in the centre. This signal when hoisted at the fore top-mast head denotes the vessel is about to sail.

Bluewater. The open ocean.

Bluff. Abrupt high land projecting almost perpendicularly into the sea.

B.M. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats registered at Brixham, England.

Bn. Beacon. Abbreviation adopted on the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty.

B.N. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats registered at Boston, Lincolnshire, England.

B.O. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats registered at Borrowstoness, Scotland.

Boa. Austro-Hungarian torpedo-boat. (Yarrow, 1898.) Length, 152 ft.; beam, 15 ft.; draught, 7 ft.; displacement, 133 tons; complement, 24; armament, 2 3-pdr. q.f., 3 tubes; Hp., 2,000= 24 kts.; coal, 30 tons.

Boadicea. Transport, lost near Kinsale, January 31, 1816, when over 200 of the 82nd Regiment perished.

Board. Timber sawn to a less thickness than a plank. All such timber is under 1 in. in thick

ness.

Boarding-netting. A stout rope netting placed to obstruct an enemy.

Board of Trade, The, was established in 1660 as a counsel of trade for keeping control and superintendence upon the whole commerce of the nation. In 1872 its functions were transferred to the Privy Council, and four years later a new Board was

appointed for the consideration of all matters relating to trade and foreign plantations, with powers of a purely consultative character. In 1840 the Board of Trade was first entrusted with administrative functions, which have since increased in proportion to the decline of its consultative duties. The powers of the Board of Trade are now partly ministerial and partly judicial, and are constantly being extended by statutory enactments.

The Board is under the direction of a president, a Parliamentary secretary, a permanent secretary, and four assistant secretaries, who, together with a staff, transact the whole business, though there are many ex-officio members on the committee. There are seven departments-viz.: The Statistical and Commercial, the Railway, the Marine, the Harbour, the Finance, the Fisheries, recently transferred to the Agricultural and Fisheries Board (q.v.), and the Bankruptcy Department.

Board of Trade Journal. Established 1886. Published weekly (Thursday). Price id. Address: East Harding Street, London, E.C.

Boat. The regulations respecting boats are contained in sections 427-431 of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894, and are set out in detail under the rules made by the Board of Trade (1902) for lifesaving appliances. British ships are divided into divisions and classes, according to their tonnage and trade, and for each class a minimum number of boats, lifeboats, rafts, jackets, and buoys is specified. For failure to carry the minimum number of boats, etc., and to keep the same in proper repair and ready for use, the master (if in default) shall be liable to a fine of £50, and the owner (if in default) to a fine of £100, for each offence. A British ship, not provided with lifesaving appliances in accordance with this Act, may be detained until the defects are remedied.

In Lloyd's policy boats are included as part of the ship. When navigated at sea boats carry the lantern prescribed by Article 7 of the Regulations for preventing collisions at sea (q.v.).

The method of ascertaining the measurement and carrying capacity of boats is briefly as follows : Length (outside) x breadth (outside) x depth (inside) × 6. The product is the measurement of the boat in cubic feet. The carrying capacity of a boat is equal to the number of cubic feet in her measurement divided by (a) 10 in the case of a lifeboat having at least one cubic foot of air-tight compartments for every ten cubic feet of her measurement, and (b) 8 in the case of other boats. Refer to Merchant Shipping Act.

Boatswain. The seaman who has charge of the crew, boat sails, ship sails, rigging, canvas, colours, anchor, cable, etc., and pipes the hands to their several duties.

Bobstays. Ropes or chains used to keep the bowsprit down.

BÖCKLIN

Böcklin, Arnold (1827-1901). Swiss painter (b. Basel). Studied Paris, Antwerp, Brussels; acted as art teacher at Weimar, 1866-71; lived at Florence, 1874-85, Zurich, 1885-92, and moved to Fiensole, 1892, where he died. Among his most remarkable works are "Pan Amongst the Reeds," "Pirates Plundering a Castle," Island of the Dead," Panic Terror," The Sport of the Waves," "The Stillness of the Sea,' Tritons Nereids."

82

BOKHARA

Boiky. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nevsky, 1900.) Length, 196 ft.; beam, 18 ft. ; draught, 11 ft.; displacement, 350 tons; armament, 1 12-pdr., 5 3-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp., 6,000=28 kts. ; coal, 90 tons.

Boiler compositions. The life of a steam boiler, and the method of working it economically, depends to a great extent on the kind of water used. The principal impurities which tend to reduce the life and steam-producing qualities of the boiler are: bicarbonate of calcium and magnesium, magnesium, chloride of calcium, sulphate, and common salt in sea water.

A large number of patented anti-incrustation compounds are advertised, the basis of the majority being some form of alkali.

Boilers, Marine, the most general type of which is known as the Scotch boiler, consist of a short horizontal, cylindrical steel shell with flat end plates, and provided with several internal furnaces communicating with internal combustion chambers. Another variety, the double-ended boiler, has furnaces at both ends of the shell, with a common combustion chamber. The single-ended marine boiler is practically half a double-ended boiler.

Water-tube boilers are those in which the steam is generated from water contained in thin tubes of small diameter, by heat applied to the outside of the tubes.

There are numerous forms of water-tube boilers, among which may be mentioned the Babcock and Wilcox Boiler, the Stirling Boiler, the Belville Boiler, etc., etc.

Boilers are defined by the Boiler Explosion Act (1882) as "any closed vessel used for generating steam, or for heating water or other liquids, or into which steam is admitted for heating, steaming, boiling, or other similar purposes," and includes pipes conveying steam. This Act provides that a notice of every boiler explosion, except those occurring to boilers in His Majesty's service, shall be sent to the Board of Trade within twenty-four hours of its occurrence.

By the Merchant Shipping Act (1894), section 425, a report of any incident to a steamship, causing loss of life or injury to the person, or affecting the seaworthiness of the vessel, or her efficiency either in her hull or in any part of her machinery, must be sent by her owner or master to the Board of Trade as soon as possible. For failure without reasonable cause to comply with this section, the owner or master shall be liable to a fine not exceeding £50. This section applies to all British ships and to foreign ships carrying passengers between places in the United Kingdom. Refer to Inspection of Ships.

Bokhara. P. and O. steamer on her way from Shanghai to Hong Kong, wrecked off Sand Island, in the Pescadores group, during a typhoon, October 10, 1892; 125 lives lost.

Bolt-rope. A superior rope made of fine yarn stitched round the edge of a sail to prevent the canvas from tearing.

Bolts. A cylindrical pin of metal, used to unite the different parts of a vessel, varied in form according to the places where they are required. In shipbuilding, bolts which completely penetrate a structure are through bolts, and those which only partly do so are blunt bolts. Drift-bolts are used to drive out others. Bay-bolts have jags or barbs on each side to keep them from flying out of their holes. Clench-bolts are clenched with rivetting hammers. Fend-bolts are made with long and thick heads, and struck in the outermost bends of the ship to save her sides from bruises. Set-bolts are used for forcing the planks and bringing them close together. Scarp-bolts and keel-bolts are pointed, not clinched, and used for false keel or temporary purposes. Bring-to bolts are fitted with an eye at one end, and a knot and screw at the other, for bringing to the ends at the stem.

Bombarde. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Havre, 1903.) Length, 183 ft.; beam, 21 it.; draught, 10 ft.; displacement, 300 tons; complement, 62; armament, 1 9-pdr., 6 3-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw; Hp., 6,000=28 kts.; coal, 75 tons.

Bombardment is more often a naval than a military operation, and may be either to bring about capitulation or to destroy military stores, arsenals, dockyards, etc. In recent years the most notable bombardments are those of Alexandria and Port Arthur, the latter possibly the most terrible in history. The method employed was by "sapping" and "mining," supported by a terrific artillery fire. The guns used were the usual regular siege guns of from 5-6 in. calibre, 47 and 6 in. naval guns, ordinary field ordnance, and 11 in. mortars weighing some eight tons apiece. In all 300 guns were trained on the fortress. The mortars fired a shell weighing about 500 pounds loaded

BONE

with an explosive invented by Dr. Shimose, which burst on contact. They had a maximum range of seven to eight miles, but were fired within three miles of the town. It is estimated that about 11,000 Russians in Port Arthur were killed during the various bombardments.

Bombay. On December 14, 1864, this vessel was burnt off Flores Island, near Montendes, when 91 lives were lost.

Bombay Steam Navigation Co., with their head office in Bombay, have a large fleet of passenger and cargo steamers maintaining a service on the west coast of India as far north as the Persian Gulf, and south to Ceylon. A service is maintained at scheduled times from Bombay to Kurrachee, calling at Kutch Manvie and intermediate ports and vice versa; a daily service from Bombay to Goa, and vice versa; a service at scheduled times from Bombay to all ports south of Goa, and vice versa. The vessels are specially fitted for coolie traffic, and have accommodation for as many as 1,600 passengers.

Twin screw. 9,000=19'5 kts.

4 Above water.

Hp. natural 7,000 18 kts., forced

Coal maximum 1,000 tons.

Approximate cost £250,000.

This ship-name dating from the end of the 15th century is associated with the defeat of the Armada, 1588; the last cruise of Drake and Hawkins, 1595; the Cadiz expedition, 1625; the battles off Dungeness, 1652, Beachy Head, 1690, and Barfleur, 1692.

Bonded Prices Clause. See Clauses.

Bonded warehouse, A, is a place approved by the Commissioner of Customs where dutiable goods are deposited without payment of duty on landing. Such places, which are under the control of revenue officers, afford merchants facilities for free exportation and for postponing the payment of duties until the goods pass to the consumer or retailer.

Bone, W. (b. Devonport, June 30, 1843). British naval architect. Served apprenticeship Devonport Dockyard from 1857-64, and in 1867 gained diploma

BONETTA

as Fellow of the Royal School of Naval Architecture; from 1867-69 acted as assistant-inspector on the Clyde for Government vessels building under contract; in 1869 was appointed surveyor to Iloyd's Registry of British and Foreign Shipping, and assisted the late Bernard Weymouth, Esq., in making the great change of their rules for scantlings of vessels from tonnage basis to the present system.; in 1876 became managing director of the Tyne Iron Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., since which time he has designed 150 vessels of all classes.

Bonetta. British 3rd class gun-boat (254 tons). Launched 1871.

Bonite. French submarine. (Toulon, 1903.) Length, 77 ft.; beam, 71⁄2 ft.; draught, 8 ft.; displacement, 68 tons; complement, 5; Hp., 60= 8 kts.

Booth Line, The, founded in 1866 by Messrs. Alfred Booth and Co., Liverpool, and was subsequently amalgamated in 1901 with the Red Cross Line founded by Messrs. R. Singlehurst and Co., under the name and title of the Booth Steamship Co., Ltd. The steamers maintain frequent sailings from New York, Liverpool, Havre, Oporto, and Lisbon, to the Amazon ports of Para and Manaos, and carry a great number of passengers between Portuguese ports and the Amazon. The company carries the Royal mail to Para and Manaos, and also mails between New York and Brazil. The Iquitos Steamship Co., Ltd., which this company manage, have a large fleet of steamers which trade more than 2,000 miles up the Amazon to Iquitos in Peru.

Boot-topping. A term applied to sheathing a vessel with planking over felt.

Booty. See Prize.

Booty of War is property of a belligerent (q.v.) captured by an army on land and belongs to the Crown, although generally granted to the captors as reward for their services. Booty of war consists principally of arms, provisions and military stores, private property being no longer liable to capture. By the advice of a Privy Council questions relating to booty of war may be referred to the Judges of the Prize Court of Admiralty, which has, by 3 and 4 Vict. c. 65, jurisdiction analogous to that in question of prize of war (q.v.). B.O.R. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats registered at Borsele, Holland.

Bora. A violent, cold, anticyclone wind, blowing down from mountains close to the coast, if a chilled tableland lies behind them. The Bora of the Adriatic is best known, but a similar wind is observed elsewhere.

tiania).

Borchgrevink, Carsten Egeberg (1864, b. ChrisAt an early age went to Australia; sailed on the Antarctic, 1894, and was among the first party to land on the Antarctic Continent, 1895. In 1898 was given command of the Southern Cross expedition organised by Sir George Newnes; on his return in 1902 was deputed to investigate into the volcanic disturbances in the West Indies. An account of his first Antarctic voyage is published in the 6th International Geographical Congress, 1895. See Antarctic Exploration.

Borda, Jean Charles (1733-99). Mathematician and nautical astronomer (b. Dax). Educated La Fleche; visited the Azores and Canary Islands, of which he constructed an admirable map; was an able mathematician and contributed a long series of valuable memoirs to the Academy of Science. His researches in hydro-dynamics were of great use for marine engineering, and the greater part of the instruments employed in the task of determining the arc of the meridian were invented by him.

Bore. A sudden and rapid flow of a tide.

Borea. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Naples, 1903.) Displacement, 330 tons; maximum draught, 8 ft.; armament, 5 6-pdr.; tubes, 2 18-in.; Hp., 6,000= 30 kts. ; coal, 80 tons.

Boreas. Man-of-war. On November 28, 1807, this vessel was lost upon the Hannois Rock in the Channel.