Baggara. A lateen-rigged Arab trading vessel used in the Red Sea.

Bagley. U.S. torpedo-boat (1900). Displacement, 167 tons; guns, 3 1-pdr.; torpedo tubes, 3 18-in.; speed, 28 kts.

Bag Reef. A fourth or lower-reef of fore-and-aft sails.

Baguio. The Philippine name for a revolving storm or cyclone.

Baikie, William Balfour, M.D. (1824-63) (b. Kirkwall). Educated Edinburgh, and on obtaining his degree joined the Royal Navy. Was appointed surgeon and naturalist to the Niger Expedition, 1854, and on the death of Fernando Po was appointed in command; ascended the Niger about 250 miles beyond the point reached by former explorers, and returned after a voyage of 118 days without the loss of a single man. In 1841 he formed a colony at the confluence of the Quorra and Benue, in which he acted, not merely as ruler, but as physician, teacher and priest. Within five years he opened up the navigation of the Niger, made roads and established a market. He collected vocabularies of nearly fifty African dialects and translated portions of the Bible and Prayer-book into Housa. He died on his way home at Sierra Leone in November, 1863, at the early age of 39.

See Admiralty Bail.

Bail Admiralty. Bailey. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer. (Morris Heights, 1899.) Length, 205 ft.; beam, 19 ft.; draught, 6 ft.; displacement, 235; armament, 4 6-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp., 5,000=30 kts.; coal, 20 tons.

Bailey and Leetham Line. See Wilson Line.

Bainbridge. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer (1900). Displacement, 420 tons; complement, 64; guns 2 14-pdr., 5 6-pdr.; torpedo tubes, 2 18-in., amidships and aft.; Hp., 8,000 29 kts.; coal, 139 tons.

60

Balance Reef. A reef band that crosses a sail diagonally from outer head-earing to the tack.

Balchen, Adml. Sir John (1670-1774). Commanded the Chester in 1707 when she was captured, and two years later was again captured by Duguay Trouin's squadron when commanding the Glouces ter. Commanded the Shrewsbury at Cape Passaro 1718. Was lost in the Victory, 110 guns, when that vessel was wrecked on the Casquet Rocks off Alderney, October 4, 1774.

Baldie. A small class of Scotch lugger used on the east coast.

Bale-slings. A long rope or chain for hoisting packages.

Bale, To. To lade water out of a boat or vessel with buckets, cans, or such like.

Bali. Siamese gun-boat (1899). 600 tons. Of little fighting value.

Baliste. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Normand, 1902.) Length, 180 ft.; beam, 21 ft.; maximum draught, 10 ft.; displacement, 300 tons; complement, 45; guns, 1 9-pdr., 6 3-pdr.; torpedo tubes, 2 15-in.; speed, 27-30 kts.

Ball, Sir Robert Stawell, cr. 1886. Lawndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry, Cambridge University; Director of Cambridge Observatory; President of the Royal Astronomical Society (b. Dublin, 1840). Educated Abbot's Grange, Chester; Trin. Col., Dublin. In 1865 was appointed astronomer to the Earl of Rosse, and two years later Professor of Applied Mathematics to the Royal Irish College of Science. From 1874-92 he held the position of Astronomer Royal of Ireland. In 1884 he was appointed Scientific Adviser to the Commissioners of Irish Lights.

Publications : The Story of the Heavens (1885), "Starland" (1889), "In Starry Realms," 'In the High Heavens," Time and Tide" (1889), "The Cause of an Ice Age,' ""Atlas of Astronomy (1893), (1892), "The Story of the Sun "Great Astronomers (1895), "A Treatise on the Theory of Screws" (1900), “The Earth's Beginning" (1901).

Ballast. Anything carried for its weight when the cargo is too little to bring the vessel sufficiently low in the water.

BALLIN

Ballin, Albert. Director-General, HamburgAmerika Line (b. Hamburg, 1857). Educated Hamburg. Has been connected with the steamship business since his early boyhood, having been previously to his joining the Hamburg-Amerika Line associated with the Carron Line. From the time he joined the Hamburg-Amerika Line it has steadily forged ahead. He it was who brought about the arrangement with the Union Steamship Line (the amalgamation of the Sloman Line with the ships of Edward Carr), whereby the passenger business should be done under the direction of the Hamburg-Amerika Line. Between 1883 and 1905, under his management, the capital of this enormous steamship enterprise has increased from 15,000,000 to 100,000,000 marks, the reserve fund from 3,000,000 to 24,000,000 marks, the profit from 2,000,000 to 28,000,000 marks, and the fleet from 65,000 to 796,269 register tons, and to-day the vessels under his control comprise 157 ocean-going steamers, with an aggregate gross tonnage of 957,250. Albert Ballin is more than a great man; there is something of the ruler in him, and he possesses the faculty of being capable of guessing the needs of the future. All the later vessels of this magnificent fleet have been built under his personal direction, and his genius as an organiser is manifest to those who have been fortunate enough to travel on such magnificent floating palaces as the Amerika and Empress Auguste Victoria. He has the honour of the friendship of the German Emperor, and has been decorated with the Crown Order of the second class.

Ball Lightning. A luminous ball or globe which moves slowly and sometimes bursts, giving rise to flashes of lightning.

Ballon Sonde. A small rubber balloon employed for raising a meteorograph to obtain a record of the conditions prevailing in the upper regions of the atmosphere.

Balneology. The science or study of mineral springs and baths.

Balny. French torpedo-boat. (Normand, 1886.) Length, 134 ft.; beam, 11 ft.; draught, 7 ft.; displacement, 66 tons; complement, 21; armament, 2 1-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp., 700-20 kts. ; coal, 12 tons.

Balsa. A South American wood, very porous, almost as light as cork, used for making surf boats.

Baltic Sea. An inland sea of North Europe enclosed by Sweden, Russia, the German Empire, and Denmark. It communicates with the North Sea by a channel which lies between the southern part of Scandinavia, and the northern peninsular of Schleswig and Jutland, and with the Atlantic through Skager Rak and Kattegat. Its whole area, including the Gulf of Bothnia, is about 160,000 geographical square miles; it is about

900 miles long, and its greatest width between Karlskrona and Memel is slightly over 200 miles. It has three large arms-Gulf of Bothnia, Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Riga, and several bays, as the Bay of Danzig, Kiel Bay and Neustadter Bay. Its depth rarely exceeds 100 fathoms, and along the southern coast its shallowness is a great obstacle to navigation. It is fed by numerous rivers, some of them of considerable size, such as the Neva, Duna, Niemen, Vistula, Oder, Gotaelf, Lulea, Turnea. The salinity of the water is very much below that of oceanic water, and varies greatly at different seasons. The summer temperature of the surface water is about 63°. In severe winters the Gulf of Bothnia becomes frozen from shore to shore, and each winter the smaller bays and creeks, particularly those on the north part of the sea are frozen over, and suspend navigation. The Kaiser Wilhelm or Nord Ostee Canal from Kiel to the mouth of the Elbe affords a short cut between the Baltic and the North Sea.

Baltic Segel Club. See Segel Club Baltic.

Baltic Steamship Company, owned and managed by Messrs. A. Coker and Co., Liverpool, have a steamer which trades between Liverpool and the Baltic ports, taking cargo as inducement offers. FLEET.

BANGALORE

range from 10 to 15, consisting of band-master, band-corporal, and bandsmen. In 1893 a new Royal Naval School of Music was opened at Melville Hospital, Chatham. Refer to Naval Education.

Bangalore. East Indiaman. On April 12,

1802, this vessel was lost in the Indian Ocean.

Bank. Rising ground in the sea, composed of sand, mud or gravel, not rock.

Banker. A vessel employed in deep-sea codfishery on the Banks of Newfoundland.

Bankson, Lloyd (b. Philadelphia, November 15, 1857). Naval Constructor, U.S. Navy (1896). Educated University of Pennsylvania, Degree of B.S. 1877; entered U.S. Naval Academy 1879; completing ten years' course; acted as Assistant Engineer, Philadelphia Water Department, 1883-86. In 1890 was given the degree of Ingénieur École d'Application du Génie Maritime, Paris. Assistant Engineer U.S. Navy 1883-89; Assistant Naval Constructor U.S. Navy, 1889-96; Naval Constructor U.S. Navy, 1896.

British torpedo - boat

Banshee. (Birkenhead, 1894.) Length, 210 ft.; beam, 19 ft. ; draught, 7 ft.; displacement, 290 tons; complement, 50; armament, 1 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw; Hp., 4,500=27 kts; coal, 60 tons.

Banyan-day. A term applied to a fast-day, when oatmeal was issued in lieu of meat.

Baptiste de Andrade. Portuguese gun-boat. 220 tons. Of no fighting value.

Bar. A shoal or bank, sand, shingle, or gravel thrown up by the sea which endangers navigation.

Barbadoes. 14 guns. In October, 1780, this vessel was lost in a storm in the West Indies.

Barbette. A fixed armoured breast work behind which the heavy guns of a ship are mounted, the guns revolve on turntables within, their after-ends being protected by means of armoured hoods. The Temeraire in 1876 was the first British armour-clad to be fitted with barbettes.

Barcelo. Spanish torpedo-boat. (Gaarden, 1886.) Length, 117 ft.; beam, 12 ft.; draught, 6 ft.; displacement, 63 tons; armament, 2 1-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp., 660=20 kts.

Barclay, Curle and Co., Ltd., Whiteinch, Glasgow. This firm is the oldest established concern in the upper reaches of the river, the yard at Whiteinch being just outside the city of Glasgow.

The origin of this shipbuilding business goes back to 1818, when Robert Barclay, a shipbuilder who had only limited means at his command, but was a man of great initiative, established a small yard at Stobcross, His son, also named Robert, extended the range of his business, and as the work of

About

the same time, Mr. Archibald Gilchrist, who was at the head of the engineering works, also joined the company.

New ground was purchased in 1858 at Stobcross for the enlargement of the shops, but in 1874 the building slips there had to be given up to the Clyde Trustees in connection with the extension of the Harbour, and the work that had hitherto been carried on there was transferred to Clydeholm Shipbuilding Yard, Whiteinch, Glasgow.

In 1878 the firm of Barclay, Curle and Co. purchased the property of Jordanvale, comprising about 130,000 square metres of land, with the intention of making dry docks there.

In 1884 the firm was converted into a limited company, and Mr. James Williamson, shipbuilder, afterwards Director of Dockyards at the British Admiralty, joined the Board of Directors, with Mr. John Ferguson as chairman.

The management of the concern is now in the hands of Messrs. James Gilchrist, chairman, William Russell Ferguson, and Andrew Maclean, joint managers of the business, sons of the late Arch. Gilchrist, J.P., late John Ferguson, J.P., and late Sir Andrew Maclean, K.T., respectively. They have the assistance of two very capable young gentlemen, Mr. Noel E. Peck, Yard Manager for the Naval Architecture Department, properly so called, and the construction of the hulls; and Mr. Chas. Randolph Smith, Engineer Manager for the Engineering Department for the propelling machinery. These two managers also are descended from families of Naval Constructors, for in this firm everything is hereditary.

It might be said that the reputation of this yard is due to the accumulated labours of very many

BARENTS

men of genius, everyone of whom has left an inheritance of means and experience, of which successors have diligently taken advantage.

The present prosperity of the company is certainly a consequence of this tradition, but not divorced from that spirit of enterprise that soars above its surroundings and transforms the directing body into a homogeneous entity prompt to respond to the influence of the times and to profit by every favouring circumstance.

At present the firm owns a shipbuilding yard at Whiteinch, occupying 80,000 square metres of land, with six or seven stocks large enough for the building of vessels up to 180 metres in length. The engineering works at Stobcross are on the Admiralty list for engines of 13,000 Hp. The boiler works at Kelvinhaugh, like the engineering works, have an outfit of machine tools of most modern type, and can turn out boilers of any size. At Kelvinhaugh there are also the Dry Docks, capable of taking in steamers up to 170 metres in length. At Finnieston Street there are the repairing works which are so organised that repairs can be executed with the utmost speed. There new shafts can also be fitted in an exceedingly short time.

At the present time Barclay, Curle and Co., Ltd., are undertaking the construction of their 469th vessel, and their annual production exceeds 43,000 tons. Among their regular patrons are: The P. and O. Co., Pacific Steam Navigation Co., British India Co., City Line, Allan Line, Ellerman Lines, Beaver Line, African Royal Mail Co., Messrs. Elder, Dempster and Co., Union-Castle Co., etc. For the last-mentioned company, which, as is well known, is managed by Sir Donald Currie, this yard has built about 60 steamers.

For the P. and O. Company they built the Sicilia and the Dongola, and many other twinscrew steamers; recently they have constructed for the Pacific Mail Co., the Oriana, of 8,066 tons, one of the largest steamers classified in Lloyd's Register last year, and in June of this year they launched a steamer of 12,000 tons gross register, and 10,000 Hp. for the Allan Line Royal Mail Service between Liverpool, Quebec, and Montreal.

Barents, Willem. Dutch navigator. Was pilot of three unsuccessful expeditions to discover the North-West Passage. His third voyage was the most important, as on June 19 Spitzbergen was discovered and the whole western coast and part of the northern examined. He sailed round the north-western end of Nova Zembla, and his company were the first Europeans to ever face an Arctic winter. He died on June 19, 1597, and was buried in the midst of his discoveries, and it was not until 1871 that a Norwegian, Captain Carlson, came upon Barents' winter quarters, and in 1875 recovered part of his diary. Refer to Arctic Exploration.

BARHAM

Bare poles. The condition of a ship at sea without any sails set.

Barfleur. British 1st class battleship. (Chatham, 1892.)

Length 360 ft. Beam 70ft. Maximum draught 27ft. Displacement (since reconstruction) 11,000 tons. Complement 620.

Guns, 4-10 in., 30 cal. 10-6 in. 8-6 pdr. 12-3 pdr.

2-9 pdr. Boat.

2 Maxims.

Twin screw.

Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).

2 Submerged.

I Above water stern.

Hp. natural 9,000=17 kts., forced 13,000=18'5 kts. Coal maximum 1,125 tons. Approximate cost £620,000.

This ship-name dates in the Navy from 1697, and commemorates the Anglo-Dutch victory over the French at Cape Barfleur, May, 1692; Vigo Bay, 1702; battle off Cape Passaro, 1718; Graves's action off the Chesapeake, 1781; Hood's action with De Grasse, 1782; Rodney's action with De Grasse, 1782; the battle of "The Glorious First of June," 1794; Bridport's action off I. Groix, 1795; St. Vincent, 1797; Calder's action off Ferrol, 1805.

Barfleur, Battle of Cape. On May 19, 1692, the French Navy was destroyed by Admiral Russel after the victory of La Hogue.

Barfleur Light, established 1893, is a two-flash light every ten seconds; duration of flash one-fifth to two-fifths second; candle power, 3,500,000; illuminant, electricity.

Barge. A long slight spacious boat for the use of admirals and captains of ships of war.

Barge, Stealing from, is a felony, punishable under the Larceny Act (1861) by penal servitude for not less than three or more than fourteen years, or by imprisonment for not more than two years, with or without hard labour. The offence, which may be tried at Quarter Sessions, consists of the felonious removal or carrying away of any goods or merchandise in any vessel, barge, or boat in any haven, or in any port of entry or discharge, or upon any navigable river or canal, or in any creek or basin belonging to or communicating with any such haven, port, river, or canal.

Barham. British 3rd class cruiser (1889). Reconstructed 1899.

Length 280 ft. Beam 35ft. Maximum draught 16ft. Displacement 1,830 tons. Complement 169.

Guns.

6-4'7 in. 4-3 pdr.

Armour.

"Steel."

2 in. Deck amidships.

I in. Deck ends.

Barkentine. See Barquantine.

Barlow, Rear-Admiral Charles James. D.S.O. 1887 (b. 1848). Entered Navy 1862; Lieutenant of Inflexible at the bombardment of Alexandria, 1882; landed with and commanded a party which held one of the gates of the town until relieved by troops; served on shore in command of an outpost near Port Said (Egyptian medal, Alexandria clasp, Khedive's Bronze Star, Osmanieh 4th Class); Commander of the Bacchante flag; served with Naval Brigade landed during Burma Annexation war 1885-86; mentioned in naval and military despatches. General Sir H. Prendergast in his despatch stated that: "Commander Barlow's march of 120 miles through the country with a detachment of bluejackets reflects great credit on that officer and his party." D.S.O. for these services; promoted to captain (India medal, Burma, 1885-87, clasp).

Barnaby, Sir Nathaniel, K.C.B., cr. 1885 (b. Chatham, 1829). Educated Chatham, Sheerness, Portsmouth. Attached to the office of the Controller of the Navy from 1854-85; as overseer of ships of war building for the Crimean operations; as Admiralty draughtsman and calculator; as assistant to the officers of Chatham Dockyard in devising the structural arrangements of H.M.S. Bellerophon and subsequent iron ships; as assistant constructor; then chief naval architect, and finally as Director of Naval Construction at Whitehall, in succession to Sir Edward Reed (q.v.). Was one of the founders of the Institution of Naval Architects in 1860. Was instrumental in effecting, through the influence of the Boards of Admiralty and the co-operation of Lloyd's Surveyors, great and much-needed changes in the division of large passenger ships by watertight bulkheads, and in the material of their construction. Was created C.B. 1876, and K.C.B. 1885. On the latter occasion Lord Northbrook (q.v.), then First Lord of the Admiralty, said the appointment was to mark the appreciation of distinguished service and unwearied application as Director of Naval Construction." Has been decorated with the following foreign orders :-Commander of the Order of the Dennebrog, Denmark, 1873; of the Royal Military Order of "Our Lord Jesus Christ," Portugal, 1875; and of the Rose of Brazil, 1883.

"

BARNEY

Publications : Abridgments of Specifications relating to Shipbuilding," etc., from 1618 to the present time, first two volumes 1862; articles 'Navy and Shipbuilding in "Encyclopædia Britannica," 9th edition; Naval Development of the Nineteenth Century."

Barnacle (lepas anatifera). A name applied to a species of shell fish, often found sticking by its pedicle to the bottom of ships, doing little or no injury beyond that of deadening the way.

Barnes, Frederick Kynaston (b. February 11, 1826). British naval architect. Served an apprenticeship of six years at the Pembroke Dockyard, and in May, 1848, was selected as a student on the establishment of the School of Naval Construction, under the direction of the late Joseph Woolley, LL.D. He remained there for three years, and took first place in the final examination, and was selected for another year's study at that college. In 1852 joined Dockyard as draughtsman, and in July, 1853, he was appointed on the Naval Construction staff of the Admiralty. In 1856 he made a tour of the French Imperial Dockyard, and many large private establishments; prior to this date very little was known of the resources of the French dockyards or private shipbuilding establishments. In 1860 when the Institution of Naval Architects was founded he was one of the first members, and later became vice-president. In 1862 was appointed to the Thames Ironworks, Blackwall, to superintend the construction of one of the early ironclads, the Minotaur, and to complete the details of the design of that class. In 1864 was appointed Assistant Constructor of the Navy, which post he held until the retirement of Sir Edward Reed (q.v.). Was then appointed Constructor of the Navy and member of the Council of Construction under the presidency of Sir Nathaniel Barnaby, K.C.B. (q.v.), In 1872 he was appointed surveyor of dockyards, which office he held until his retirement in 1886.

Publications: Several papers published by the Institution of Naval Architects, notably one on the "Stability of Ships," 1861. Was joint author of "Shipbuilding: Theoretical and Practical," of which the late Professor MacQueen Rankine was the chief author.

Barnett, James Rennie (b. Johnstone, September 6, 1864). British naval architect. Educated Glasgow University. Served apprenticeship with Mr. G. L. Watson, Glasgow. Gained South Kensington medal for Naval Architecture. In 1889 was appointed in charge of Mr. G. L. Watson's office, and on the death of that famous architect he succeeded to the business. Is consulting naval architect to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution.

Barney. U.S. torpedo-boat (1900). Displacement, 167 tons; guns, 3 1-pdr.; torpedo tubes, 3 18-in.; speed, 28 kts.