Torpedo Tubes (18 in.). 3 Submerged. Twin screw. Hp. 23,500 22.33 kts. Coal maximum 2,000 tons. Approximate cost £1,150,000. This ship-name was introduced into the Navy in 1744, and is associated with the capture of the French Raisonnable, 1758; bombardment of Havre, 1759; capture of the French Comte de Florentine, 1759; reduction of Belleisle, 1761; capture of the French Achille at the battle of the "Glorious First of June," 1794; battle of Trafalgar, 1805. Ac-hisar. Turkish torpedo-boat. (Sestri Ponente, 1904.) Length, 165 ft.; beam, 18 ft.; draught, 4 ft.; displacement, 165 tons; complement, 18; armament, 2 1-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp., 2,200 = 27 kts.; coal, 22 tons. Acker. One tide swelling above another. Fresh water pirates. Acland, Vice-Admiral, Sir William Alison Dyke, 2nd Bt., cr. 1890; C.V.O. 1903 (b. Oxford 1847). Entered H.M.S. Britannia as cadet, 1861; promoted, lieutenant 1868, commander 1879, captain 1885. Attached to the Chilian army in the war between Chili and Peru; commanded the first brigade in the march from Pusco Muvin, and was present at the Battle of Chorrilos and Miraflores; mentioned in despatches (Medal and two clasps). Deputy Commissioner of Western Pacific, 1883; A.D.C. to the Queen, 1896. Captain of Dockyard Reserve at Devonport, 1897-99; Rear-Admiral, 1899; Second-inCommand of Channel Squadron, 1901-02; Superintendent of Gibraltar Dockyard, 1902-04; ViceAdmiral, 1904. Acock-Bill. See Cock-bill. Acorn. A small piece of wood, conical in form, fixed on the mast-head above the vane to prevent it being detached when wind is violent. Acre, Battle of. On November 3, 1840, the allied fleet under Sir Robert Stopford stormed and captured Acre (Syria) after a bombardment of a few hours, the Egyptians losing upwards of 2,000 killed and wounded and 3,000 prisoners, the British loss being trifling. Actien Gesellschaft "Neptune," Rostock. This yard was founded in 1851 by Mr. A. Tischbein. It is situated on the Warnow, on the coast of Mecklenburg, and covers an area of about 25 acres. It possesses five slips together with machine and engine shops necessary for the building and fitting out of steamers up to 10,000 tons. Between 1898 and 1905 vessels aggregating 150,000 net register tons and 82,000 I. Hp. were turned out. The yard gives employment to about 1,800 men. Actinaria. Sea anemones which possess some slight power of locomotion. Actinaut. Any vessel or torpedo propelled by self-contained power which, through the medium of a ray, can be steered on or beneath the surface of the water by a distant operator. Actinometer. An instrument for measuring the intensity of solar radiation. Actium, Battle of. On September 2, 31 B.C. Octavian completely defeated the fleet of Anthony and Cleopatra and gained control of the whole Roman Empire. Actinozoa. Hollow-bodied animals, including sea anemones, corals, and allied forms. Their characteristic is that the life history is simple, and does not include the jelly fish stage. The mouth is usually surrounded by tentacles; digestive filaments are present, and the stinging cells are often well developed. Active. West Indiaman. Lost in Margate Roads, January 10, 1803. Act of God, An, or vis major, is one which results from "such a direct and violent and sudden and irresistible act of nature as could not be foreseen, or ACTUAL if foreseen, prevented by ordinary skill, prudence or diligence." It is one of the excepted perils found in all bills of lading and charter-parties, and in contracts with common carriers. In contracts taken generally, non-performance is excused, if performance becomes impossible owing to an Act of God. All loss or damage occasioned by an Act of God is due to inevitable accident, and the party who, apart from such inevitable accident, would be liable for the loss or damage so occasioned, cannot in such circumstances be made responsible; but not every inevitable accident is an Act of God. Actual Capture. In British Prize Courts the actual cabtor is the ship to which the prize strikes her flag, and may include many others besides those who take part, e.g., a boat's crew despatched on a different errand. Joint captors are those who, not being themselves actual captors, have assisted by conveying encouragement to them or intimidation to the enemy. "In the law of prize the presumption is always in favour of actual captors as against those who claim to be joint captors. Under certain circumstances the claims of joint capture are admitted" e.g., by co-operation, association or bond of union, but the Prize Court has again and again declared its resolution not to extend the operation of that doctrine." Actual capture may, therefore, be taken to be the rule which will always be enforced in the adjudication of naval prize, except in cases in which the application of constructive capture is well recognized and established. Refer to Prize of War. Adams, John Couch (1819-92). British astronomer. Gained a Siza at St John's College, Cambridge, 1839, and graduated B.A. in 1843; was Senior Wrangler and first Smith's prizeman of his year, and elected a Fellow of his College in 1843. It is due to his investigations that the cause of the irregularities of the planet Uranus were determined-due to the action of an undiscovered planet-which he detected and proved was unrecorded in the map; this new planet receiving the name of "Neptune." Its mathematical production was not only an unsurpassed intellectual feat, but proved also that Newton's Law of Gravitation prevailed even to the utmost bounds of the solar system. In 1845 the honour of Knighthood was offered to him on the occasion of Queen Victoria's visit to Cambridge, but then, as on subsequent occasions, he declined it. In 1866 the Royal Astronomical Society awarded him their gold medal. He worked for many years arranging and cataloguing Newton's unpublished mathematical writings presented to the University of Cambridge by Lord Portsmouth. In 1881 he was offered the post of Astronomer Royal, which he declined, preferring to resume his teaching and research at Cambridge University. He died, January 21, 1892, at Cambridge Observatory after a long illness, and was buried at St Giles' Cemetery. In May, 1895, a portrait medallion by Albert Bruce Joy was placed in Westminster Abbey near the grave of Newton, and joining the memorials of Darwin and Joele, a fitting tribute to this illustrious astronomer. Publications: "The Scientific papers of John Adams" (1896), "Lectures on the Lunar Theory." Adams, John. Organiser of a prosperous and peaceful miniature colony in the Pitcairn Islands, after the mutiny of H.M.S. Bounty (q.v.). His real name was Alexander Smith. Refer to Naval Mutinies. Adams, William. English navigator (b. Gillingham, near Chatham, 1575). He was the first Englishman to take up his residence in Japan, and lived there from 1600 till his death in 1620. Adamson, Alexander (b. Glasgow). Educ. Secular School, Glasgow. Apprenticed 1861 to the Engineering Works of Messrs Randolph and Elder; he became Naval Architect there and continued with this firm, which is now known as "The Fairfield Shipbuilding Company," till 1883, when he joined the firm of Messrs Palmer and Co., of Jarrow, as Shipyard Manager. Later he joined the firm of Messrs Armstrong, Mitchell and Co. He left this firm in ADAMSON 1888 to take the Management of the Shipyard Department of the Naval Construction and Armaments Co., Ltd., Barrow-in-Furness, and in 1891 became Managing Director of these Works. In 1897 this business was purchased by Messrs Vickers, Sons and Maxim, who still retained his services, until he retired from active business in 1900. During his career he had to do with the building of some 480 vessels, representing almost every conceivable type; 50 of these were war-vessels mostly for the British Government, beginning with H.M. composite gunboat Midge built in 1868, and ending with H.M. battleship Vengeance, 1900. Adamson, James (b. Stirlingshire, January 8, 1850). Served his apprenticeship at Falkirk and Glasgow, and then went to sea as junior engineer, and after obtaining the necessary certificates returned to drawing office work. Was appointed Assistant Engineer to the British India Steam Navigation Company, Ltd., and subsequently became their Superintendent Engineer at the Royal Albert Docks. While in Glasgow he devoted considerable time to the Glasgow Foundry Boys' Society. Is Organising and Hon. Secretary of the Institution of Marine Engineers. Member of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders of Scotland. Publications: "The Marine Engineer (1898), "Seaborne Traffic" (1900), Our Fuel Supply" (1902), "Technical Education " (1904). Adamson, William, C.M.G. 1897, (b. Glasgow, 1832). Educated privately. A merchant of the Straits Settlements and for many years resided at Singapore. Is chairman of the Straits Settlements Association and a director of the P. and O. Steam Navigation Company, and was decorated for public service in connection with the Colony. A.D.C. Abbreviation for Aide-de-Camp (q.v.). Adder. U.S. submarine. (Elizabeth Port, 1901.) Length, 63 ft.; beam, 11 ft.; displacement, 120 tons; complement, 5; torpedo tubes, 1; Hp., 160 = 8 kts. above water, 7 below. Address. See Post Office. Adelaar, Cort Sivartsen (1622-75). Danish admiral (b. Brevig, Norway). At the age of 15 he became a cadet in the Dutch fleet, and took part in the famous battle of the Downs (1639), under Tromp. In 1645 he was promoted captain in the service of the Venetian Republic, and achieved a most brilliant victory at the Dardanelles in May, 1645, when, with his own vessel alone, he broke through a line of 37 Turkish ships, sinking 15, burning others and causing a loss to the enemy of 5,000 men. Returning to Copenhagen in 1663, was made an admiral and in 1666 Admiral-General. On November 5, 1675, while in command of the fleet he died of plague. Adelaide Steamship Company, with their head offices at Adelaide, have a fleet of 20 excellent Admella. Steamer plying between Melbourne and Adelaide, struck on a reef August 6, 1859, when 72 persons perished. Admiral, An, in early records was an officer of State entrusted by the Crown with safe-guarding the seas, and all matters arising at sea which required official investigation and were not within the jurisdiction of any county, were referred to him for decision. Early in the fourteenth century there seem to have been three admirals, controlling three districts, viz. (1) the Cinque Ports (q.v.), and all ports from Dover to Cornwall; (2) from the Thames to Berwick, and (3) the Irish Sea coast. The first Lord High Admiral was appointed in 1360, whose Court, in the reign of Edward III., was firmly established and began to assert prominent jurisdiction. In more ADMIRAL modern times as Judge of the Admiralty Court, appointed by the Crown, deprived the Lord High Admiral of his judicial powers, and in 1632 his administrative functions were first exercised by Commissioners, commonly known as the Lords of the Admiralty (q.v.). The present powers and duties of admirals are defined by the Naval Discipline Act (q.v.), 1866, and the Admiralty regulations. Refer to King's Regulations. Admiral, The Lord High, of England. This office was first created in 1406, and vested in John, Earl of Somerset. It was created for the purpose of taking over the legislation, administration and protection of the Mercantile Marine, which had previously been governed by a body of mercantile Admirals, who, owing to the feeble manner in which the fleet had been administered, came into existence to undertake the safe-guarding of the seas. In 1632 the office was put into commission, and its powers have, with one or two short intervals, been ever since vested in the Admiralty authorities, now known officially as Commissioners, for executing the office of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Admiral Nakhimoff. Russian armoured cruiser (1885). Sunk by the Japanese at the battle of Tsushima, May 27-29, 1905. Admiral of the Fleet is an honorary distinction giving no command, but merely an increase of halfpay. The title was first created in 1851, when Sir Thomas Byam Martin, G.C.B., and Sir George Cockburn, G.C.B., were named Admirals of the Fleet, the latter receiving the honour for his long and highly distinguished services. Should an Admiral of the Fleet serve afloat, he is authorised to carry the union flag at the main-top-gallant-mast head. In 1874 the number of Admirals of the Fleet was increased to three; at the present time there are two honorary Admirals of the Fleet, His Imperial Majesty, William II., Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, G.C.V.O., and his Majesty King of Sweden; and four Admirals of the Fleet; Sir James Elphinstone, K.C.B., Sir Charles Frederick Hotham, G.C.B., G.C.V.O., Right Hon. Lord Walter Talbot Kerr, G.C.B., Sir Edward Hobart Seymour, G.C.B., O.M. Admiral Oushavov. Russian coast service battleship. (New Admiralty, 1893.) Sunk by the Japanese at the battle of Tsushima, May 27-29, 1905. Admiral Seniavin. See Mishima, Russian coast service battleship. Captured by the Japanese at the battle of Tsushima, May 27-29, 1905. Admiral Spiridoff. Russian coast defence battleship (1870). Of no fighting value. Admiral Tchitchagoff. Russian coast defence battleship (1870). Of no fighting value. Admiralty, The, is that Executive Department of the State which presides over the Royal Naval and Marine forces of the Kingdom. The Board, the members of which are commonly known as the Lords of the Admiralty, consist of the First Lord, the First and Second Naval Lords, the Naval Controller, the Junior Naval Lord, the Civil Lord, a Parliamentary and Financial Secretary, and a Permanent Secretary. The business of the Board is divided into four branches: (1) Personnel of the Navy, organisation and marine defence; (2) naval construction, dockyards, ordnance and stores; (3) works and personnel of Civil Departments; (4) Finance. The following is a list of Lord High Admirals and First Lords of the Admiralty, from the time of Charles I. to the present date: 1660. James Duke of York, 1673. Prince Rupert. 1681. Daniel Lord Finch. 1684. Daniel Earl of Nottingham. 1684. James Duke of York (and as James II.), ADMIRALTY 1689. Arthur Herbert, Esq. 1690. Thomas Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery. 1692. Charles Lord Cornwallis. 1693. Anthony Viscount Falkland. 1694. Edward Russel, Esq. 1697. Edward Earl of Oxford. 1699. John Earl of Bridgewater. 1701. Thomas Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery. 1702. George Prince of Denmark. 1708. Thomas Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery. 1709. Edward Earl of Oxford. 1710. Sir John Leake, Kt. 1712. Thomas Earl of Strafford. 1714. Edward Earl of Oxford. 1717. James Earl of Berkeley. 1727. Lord Viscount Torrington. 1733. Sir Charles Wager, Kt. 1741. Daniel Earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham. 1744. John Duke of Bedford. 1748. John Earl of Sandwich. 1751. George Lord Anson. 1756. Richard Earl Temple. 1757. Daniel Earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham. 1757. George Lord Anson. 1762. George Dank Earl of Halifax. 1762. George Grenville, Esq. 1801. John Earl of St. Vincent, K.B 1806. Thomas Grenville, Esq. 1806. Charles Gray. Esq. 1807. Henry Lord Mulgrave. 1809. Right Hon. Charles Yorke. 1812. Right Hon. Robert Viscount Melville. 1834. Thomas Philip Earl de Grey. 1835. Right Hon. George Baron Auckland. 1835. Gilbert Earl of Minto, G.C.B. 1841. Thomas Earl of Haddington. 1846. Right Hon. Edward Earl of Ellenborough. 1846. Right Hon George Earl of Auckland (died January 1, 1849). 1849. Right Hon. Sir Francis T. Baring, Bart. 1852. Algernon Percy Duke of Northumberland, K.G. 1853. Right Hon. Sir James R. G. Graham, Bart. 1855. Right Hon. Sir Charles Wood, Bart. 1858. Right Hon, Sir John Pakington, Bart. 1859. Edward A. St. Maur Duke of Somerset, K.G. 1866. Right Hon. Sir J. S. Pakington, Bart., G.C.B. 1867. Right Hon. Henry Thomas Lowry Corry. 1868. Right Hon. Hugh Culling Eardley Childers. 1871. Right Hon. George Joachim Goschen. 1874. Right Hon. George Ward Hunt. 1877. Right Hon. William Henry Smith. 1880. Earl of Northbrook. 1885. Lord George Hamilton. 1886. The Marquis of Ripon, K.G. 1886. Lord George Hamilton. 1892. Earl Spencer, K.G. 1895. Right Hon. G. T. Goschen. 1900. Earl of Selborne. 1903. Right Hon. Earl Caudor. 1906. Lord Tweedmouth. Admiralty Actions are either in rem-i.e., against the property out of which the claim has arisen; or in personam-i.e., directly against the person from whom relief is claimed. Proceedings in rem are peculiar to Admiralty, and are only available when the res is within the jurisdiction of the Court. This form of action applies to cases where a maritime lien (q.v.) is sought to be enforced or where owner seeks to obtain possession of ship (q.v.). Actions in personam are similar to ordinary actions tried in other divisions of the High Court, and are adopted where the res is out of the jurisdiction and consequently cannot be arrested. Where an action has once been commenced in either of these forms, it cannot afterwards be changed, and a judgment obtained in a personal action cannot be enforced by proceedings in rem, but where there is a remedy both in personam and in rem, a person who has resorted to one may, if he does not thereby get full satisfaction, resort to the other. Refer to Admiralty Division; Admiralty Registry; Arrest of Ship; Restraint on Ship; Bail; Preliminary Act; Taxation; Trial. Admiralty Advocate. The Admiralty Advocate, originally the Advocate of the Lord High Admiral, was an officer of the Crown in the Court of Admiralty whose duty it was to represent the Crown in its office of Admiralty. His present duties consist chiefly in advising on all legal matters, and on affairs connected with the military duties of the Lord High Admiral. During the last reign the offices of Admiralty Advocate and Judge Advocate of the Fleet (q.v.) were combined. Admiralty Bail takes the form of a bond executed by two sureties who thus agree to submit themselves to the jurisdiction of the Court, and is the security given to prevent detention of a ship through arrest by the Court in Admiralty proceedings in rem. However great the claim, the amount of bail need not exceed the value of the ship, which may be an amount either agreed upon, or ascertained by appraisement (q.v.), and if bail has been given for a sum greater |