Torpedo Tubes.

2 Submerged.

Armour.

I in. Deck.

Twin screw. Hp. 17,000 25 kts. Coal maximum 380 tons. Approximate cost £275,000.

Pattamar. A lateen-rigged dhow type of cargovessel used by the Mohammedan seamen on the Bombay coast.

Paul Jones. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer (1900). Displacement, 420 tons; complement, 64; guns, 2 14-pdr., 5 6-pdr.; torpedo tubes, 2 18-in. amidships and aft; Hp., 8,000=29 kts.; coal, 139 tons.

Pawl. Short bars of iron fixed close to capstan or windlass of a ship, to prevent the recoil overpowering the men.

Pay. To cover or fill with a waterproof composition such as tar, pitch, tallow, resin, etc. Pay a seam. Το hot pitch over the oakum pour after caulking to keep out wet.

Pay away and pay out. To slacken cables or hawsers.

Pay down. Lowering anything.
Paymasters, Naval. See Naval Education.
Pay, Naval. See Naval Education.

Pay off. When the ship's head falls from the wind and drops to leeward.

P.C. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats registered at Cranz, Germany.

P.D. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats registered at Peterhead, Scotland.

P.D. Position doubtful.

Abbreviation adopted

on the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty.

P.E. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats registered at Poole, Dorset, England.

Peak. The outer corners of sails extended by a gaff.

Pearl oyster. (Classified as Avicula Margaritifera.) Is an oyster slightly larger than the European congener, and is valuable for the pearl it bears, the shells themselves being of no commercial value. These are found more or less in all parts of the world, but particularly on the coast of Ceylon, Western Australia, Panama, and some parts of Mexico and California.

Pearson, Admiral Sir Hugo Lewis, K.C.B., cr. 1904 (b. June 30, 1843). Educated private schools, Southwell, Notts, and Wimbledon; entered Navy, 1855; sub-lieutenant, 1862; lieutenant, 1863; commander, 1872; captain, 1879; served in H.M. ships Brunswick, Liffey, St. George, Victoria and Albert, Pelorus, Scylla; commander of Lord Warden, bearing the flag of Sir Hastings Yelverton, G.C.B.; commanded St. Vincent, and Royal Yacht Osborne; flag-captain to Sir Wm. Dowell, G.C.B., in H.M.S. Audacious, on China Station; captain of Colossus and Excellent; Naval A.D.C. to the late Queen Victoria, 1892-95; captain of Collingwood and Barfleur during manœuvres, 1895; rear-admiral, 1895; rear-admiral in Reserve Fleet, with flag in Warspite and Sans Pareil, at manœuvres, and at Spithead in Jubilee Fleet; Commander-in-Chief Australian Station, 1898-1901; vice-admiral 1901; Commander-in-Chief at the Nore, 1904; K.C.B. on His Majesty's birthday, 1904; admiral, 1904.

Peary, Robert Edwin (1856). American Arctic explorer and civil engineer, U.S. Navy, with the rank of commander (b. Cresson Springs, Penn., U.S.A.). Entered U.S. Navy in 1881, and four years later was appointed assistant-engineer on the Nicaragua Ship Canal, subsequently being appointed superintendent-engineer of the League Island Naval Dry Dock. His first experience in Arctic exploration began in 1891, and is described in his "Northward, over the Great Ice" (1898),

and in a paper "Four Years' Arctic Exploration" (1898-1902). In his Northward, over the Great Ice," he summarises his work thus: A summer voyage and reconnaissance of the Greenland inland ice (1886); a 13 months' sojourn in North Greenland, including a 1,200 miles sledge journey across the ice-cap, and the determination of the insularity of Greenland (1891-92); a 25 months' stay in North Greenland, including a second 1,200 miles sledge journey across the ice-cap; the completion of the study of the Whale Sound natives; a detailed

PEB.

survey of that region, and the discovery of the great Cape York meteorites (1893-95); summer voyages (1896-97), including the securing of the last and largest of the Cape York meteorites. During the third Arctic expedition for the discovery of the North Pole (1898-1902) Peary rounded the northern end of Greenland, the most northerly known land in the world, and succeeded in reaching 84° 17′ N. latitude, the highest latitude then attained. In the summer of 1905 he started by way of Greenland for the North Pole in the steamer Roosevelt, specially constructed for the undertaking, provided with armature to force its way through the ice, and furnished with an installation of wireless telegraphy. On November 4, 1906, news was received in New York that Peary had gained for the United States the Furthest North" record. The Roosevelt spent the winter of 1905 on the north coast of Grant Land, somewhere north of the Alert's winter quarters. In February, 1905, Peary with his party went north with sledges via Hecla and Columbia. They were delayed by open water between 84° and 85°, and beyond 85° a six days' gale disrupted the ice, destroyed the caches, cut off communication with the supporting bodies, and drifted them due east. They reached 87° 6' N. latitude over ice, drifting steadily eastwards. On the return journey great hardships were endured, and the ship was eventually reached by way of the Greenland coast. After one week's recuperation in the Roosevelt, Peary with his party sledged west, completing the north coast of Grant Land, and reaching other land near the 100th meridian. The homeward voyage was an incessant battle with ice, storms, and head winds. The Roosevelt proved herself a magnificent ice fighter and seaboat, and on her arrival in Battle Harbour, Labrador, was without coal, the expedition being obliged to use some of the wood fittings and large quantities of blubber as fuel to get her to port, which was made November 3, 1906, after an absence of nearly 18 months.

peb. Pebbles. Abbreviation adopted on the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, denoting the quality of the ocean's bottom. Peder Skram. Danish coast service battleship (1905).

Length 272ft. Beam 49ft. Maximum draught 16ft. Displacement 3,470 tons. Complement 250.

PELIKAN

Twin screw. Hp. 7,000=20 ̊5 kts. Coal normal 250 tons. Approximate cost £150,000.

This ship-name is associated with Rodney's action against De Guichen, 1780; Hood at St. Kitt's, 1782; battle of " The Glorious First of June," 1794.

Pegasus. Steam packet from Leith. Lost off Fern Island, July 19, 1843; 52 lives lost.

Peg-top sunset. When the sun is setting over the sea it sometimes assumes the shape of a pegtop owing to refraction.

P. E. H. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats registered at Perth, Scotland.

Pelayo. Spanish armoured ship. (La Seyne, 1887.) Reconstructed 1897.

Length 330ft. Beam 66ft. Maximum draught 28ft. Displacement 9,950 tons. Complement 621.

Pelikaan. Netherlands gun-vessel, Dutch Indian Navy (1888). Displacement, 400 tons. Of little fighting value.

Pelikan. Austro-Hungarian turret defence ship. (Elbing, 1893.) Length, 279 ft.; beam, 39) ft. ; draught, 15 ft.; displacement, 2,431 tons; complement, 198; armament, 2 5'9-in., 8 small, 4 tubes; Hp., 4,600 18 kts.

Pelikan. German cruiser (mining ship). (Kiel, 1891.) Length, 259 ft.; beam, 38 ft.; draught,

PELLICANO

141 ft.; displacement, 2,215 tons; complement, 183; armament, 4 3'4-in., 4 Maxims; Hp., 3,000= 15 kts. Coal, 370 tons.

Pellicano. Italian torpedo-boat. (Odero, 1899.) Length, 157 ft.; beam, 19 ft.; draught, 14 ft.; displacement, 147 tons; complement, 28; armament, 2 3-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw; Hp., 2,700= 25 kts.; coal, 24 tons.

Pelorus. British 3rd class cruiser. (Sheerness, 1896.)

Length 300ft. Beam 36ft. Maximum draught 17ft. Displacement 2,135 tons. Complement 224.

345 contributors who risked £1,000 each in the Transatlantic cable in 1857, and when the Atlantic Cable Co. was ruined by the loss of the 1865 cable, he formed, together with Sir William Thomson (the late Lord Kelvin), Sir Charles Bright, and others, the Anglo-American Co., and a new cable was laid in 1866. Subsequently he fostered cable enterprise in all parts of the world, and to his energy was due the formation of the Eastern and Eastern Extension Telegraph Companies, and at the time of his death he controlled companies having a capital of £15,000,000 sterling, and owning 73,460 nautical miles of cable.

Penelope. 24 guns. In October, 1780, this vessel was lost in a storm in the West Indies. Penguin. British sloop (1,130 tons, II kts.). Launched 1876.

Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Co. One of the first notable steamship lines to be organised for over-sea service was that which ultimately became the Peninsular and Oriental Co. It had its origin in steamship service from Falmouth to Oporto, Lisbon, Cadiz, and Gibraltar, and was originally started in 1825 with the William Fawcett. Four steamers were built in 1836-37-the Tagus, Don Juan, Briganza, and Iberia. It was not until 1840, when a line of steamers was established from England to Gibraltar, Malta, and Alexandria, that the real work of the company commenced. This line carried the mails as far as Alexandria, whence they were conveyed overland to Suez, and from thence by the East India Co.'s vessels to Bombay. This service developed into the P. and O. service, when in 1840 the company took over the mail service on the Indian Ocean. In 1847 they extended their operations to India. With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1870 the company started a through service from the United Kingdom to India, and now maintains a weekly service from London carrying mails, passengers, and cargo to Egypt, China and Japan, and Australia. The mails are invariably ahead of the contract time, which is India, 13 days; China, 32 days; Australia, 29 days. Many of the company's steamers are subsidised by the British Government, and are used as transports. The Caledonia, 7,500 tons, holds the record from London to Bombay. The Isis and Osiris, running in the Brindisi-Port Said service, have delivered the Egyptian mails within four days of their leaving London.

Pender, Sir John (1816-96).

Pioneer of sub

marine telegraphy (b. Scotland).

Was one of the

Pencel. A small flag.

Pendant A thick rope with tackle attached.