AMERIGO Philadelphia, under the Belgian flag, known as the Red Star Line, and the American Line was founded in 1880, bringing a weekly service between New York and Antwerp, this expansion being followed, in 1886, by acquiring the Inman Line. In 1893 the Inman and International, as the Line was then called, became the American Line, and their steamers exchanged Liverpool for Southampton as their port of call. Weekly New York Mail Lines are run to and from Antwerp and Southampton, steamers running between Antwerp and New York call at Dover. A Line is also maintained between Philadelphia and Liverpool, as well as Antwerp. Guns. Armour. Guns. Armour. "Creusot steel." 4 in. Belt amidships. 4 in. Turrets. 4 in. Conning tower. Torpedo Tubes (17.7 in.). 4 Above water. = Hp. 8,300 18.5 kts. Coal normal 406 tons. Approximate cost £350,000. Amiral Tréhouart. French turret battleship. (L'Orient, 1896.) Length 293 ft. Beam 58 ft. Draught 24 ft. Guns. 2-12 in. 8-3.9 in. 10-18 in. Torpedo Tubes. 4 Above water. Hp. 8,500 15 kts. Coal maximum 800 tons. Ammiraglio di St Bon. Old Italian battleship. (Venice, 1897.) Length 344 ft. Beam 69 ft. Maximum draught, 26 ft. Displacement 9,800 tons. Complement 542. Guns. 4-10 in. 8-6 in. 8-4.7 in. 8-6 pdr. 12-1 pdr. Armour. "Harvey-nickel." 10 in. Belt amidships. 10 in. Barbettes. 6 in. Conning tower. 8-6'4 in. 6-4 in. 18-3 pdr. 2-9 pdr. Boat guns, 63 in. Belt amidships. 8 in. Turrets. 8 in. Conning tower. Torpedo Tubes (18 in.). 4 Submerged. Twin screw. Hp. natural 9,000 = 16 kts., forced 13,500 18 kts. Coal Maximum 1,000 tons. Approximate cost £700,000. AMOK Amok. A Malay term, signifying slaughter or sudden frenzy, which seizes an individual. In the Malay States, as well as in India and Burma, as soon as a man is known to have run amok," every effort is made to capture him, as until they are slain, or fall from exhaustion, any one whom they meet would probably be murdered. Amphitrite. Ship, with female convicts to New South Wales, lost on Boulogne Sands, August 30, 1833; out of 131 persons, only three were saved. Amphitrite. British 1st class cruiser. (Vickers, 1898.) Length 450 ft. Beam 69 ft. Maximum draught 27 ft. Displacement 11,000 tons. Complement 677. Armour. Guns. 16-6 in. 12-12 pdr. 2-12 pdr., 8 cwt. 12-3 pdr. 2 Maxims. Twin screw. "Harvey." 4 in. Belt amidships. 12 in. Conning tower. Torpedo Tubes (18 in.). 2 Submerged. = Hp. 18,000 20.3 kts. Coal maximum 2,000 tons. Approximate cost £600,000. This ship-name is associated with Hood's occupation of Toulon, 1793. Amphitrite. U.S. monitor (1883). Length 260 ft. Beam 56 ft. Maximum draught 16 ft. Displacement 3,990 tons. Complement 160. Amplitude. The horizontal distance or amount of deviation towards the North or South of a heavenly body, from the true East at rising, to the true West at setting. For fixed stars it is constant; for the sun and the planets, it varies with the declination. Its measure is an angle intercepted between the prime vertical, and the vertical circle passing through the object. Amsterdam Canal. In 1865 the merchants of Amsterdam, realizing that it was imperative they should have better communication with the North Sea than that afforded by the North Holland Ship Canal, formed a company for the purpose of constructing a canal from Amsterdam, in nearly a direct line to the North Sea, through the Lake Y and Wyker Meer, a distance of 16 miles. The canal commences at a made harbour, which is formed by two piers, built of concrete blocks, founded on a deposit of rough basalt, and passes through a broad belt of sand-hills, which protect the whole of this part of the coast to Holland from the in-roads of the sea, through the village of Valsen, and then enters the Wyker Meer, a wide track of tide covered land. From there, through the promontory of Buitenhuizen, which separates Wyker Meer from Lake Y; the rest of the course being through Lake Y as far as Amsterdam, There are two sets of locks, one set at each end; the North Sea locks at a distance of about three-quarters of a mile from the North Sea Harbour, and the Zuider Zee locks on the dam between Amsterdam and the Zuider Zee. The canal is 16 miles long, 107 feet wide on the water surface, 89 feet at the bottom, with a minimum depth of 23 feet. The formation of the banks through the Wyker Meer and Lake Y enabled about 12,000 acres, which was formerly occupied by these lakes, to be reclaimed. The canal took 10 years to complete, and the contract sum for the execution of the work £2,250,000. Amsterdam Drydock Company (Amsterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappy) was established in 1897. They commenced with one floating dock of 4,000 ton lifting power, and fitted out a repairing yard, starting with about 100 men. In 1880 another floating dock was purchased, with a lifting capacity of 3,000 tons, and nine years later a third was added, with a lifting capacity of 7,500 tons. They now possess, besides the three floating drydocks, workshops capable of carrying out the biggest repairs to ships, engines and boilers, and employ a staff of men, numbering about 600. Amsterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappy. sterdam Drydock Company. See Am Amuretz. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer (1906). Displacement, 625 tons; complement, 100; armament, 66-pdr.; 2 tubes.; Hp., 6,000 28 kts. A.N. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats registered at Norderney, Germany. A.N. or A. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats registered at Aberdeen, Scotland. Anakria. Russian torpedo-boat. (Elbing, 1890.) Length, 128 ft.; beam, 16 ft.; draught, 7 ft.; displacement, 130; armament, 2 1-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp., 1,200 22 kts.; coal, 17 tons. Anapa. Russian torpedo-boat. (Odessa, 1891.) Length, 126 ft.; beam, 13 ft.; draught, 8 ft.; displacement, 81 tons; complement, 13; armament, 2 1-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp., 1,000 = 21 kts.; coal, 16 tons. Anastosoff. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer (1906). Length, 185 ft.; beam, 21 ft.; draught, 7 ft.; displacement, 324 tons; complement, 60; armament, 1 12-pdr., 5 3-pdr.; 2 tubes; twin screw; Hp., 5,600 = 26 kts.; coal maximum, 100 tons. Anchge. Anchorage, Abbreviation adopted on the Charts issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. Anchor. A large and heavy instrument in use from the earliest times, by which ships hold fast to ANCHORAGE the bottom of the sea. A common form consists of a long iron shank, having at one end a ring to which the cable is attached, and the other branching out into two arms, with flukes or palms at their bill or extremity. The number of anchors carried by a ship vary, according to her size. There are many patent anchors, some of which have movable, instead of rigid arms; others are stockless, so constructed that they can be drawn right into the hawse hole of a ship. All large ships carry several anchors. A first-class battleship usually has eight anchors. Anchors of various forms are used for keeping buoys and moorings in position. For this work the screw and the mushroom anchor are usually employed. Anchorage. Ground which is suitable for ships to ride in safety upon. Anchor Ice (or Ground Ice) forms at the bottom of rivers, and is common in the Baltic Sea and off the coast of Labrador. It is formed of congealed water, retarded in the bed of the river, or on the sea bottom, by the current being too great for the formation of ice on the surface. In the Labrador fishing grounds it forms at a considerable depth. Seals caught in the line at this depth have been brought up solidly frozen. Iron chains and anchors have at times been found floating in anchor or ground ice. Anchor Line, was established in 1852, by Messrs. Handyside and Henderson (now Henderson Bros.), with a service from the Clyde to Portuguese and Spanish ports extending later to Mediterranean ports. In 1856 they started a trade between Glasgow and New York, and the Mediterranean and New York, and now maintain, in addition, a service between the United Kingdom, Bombay and Calcutta and the chief Mediterranean ports, which has been vigorously pushed with fine steamers, increasing in size, in cargo carrying capacity, and in speed with the development of the trade. Taylor and Co., Stockton-on-Tees, and was in 1900 appointed chief draughtsman to that firm. Member of the North-East Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders. Anderson, Thomas James (b. August 8, 1864). Marine Engineer. Served apprenticeship with the Blaydon Iron Works Co., and Messrs. R. and W. Hawthorn and Co., Newcastle-on-Tyne. Holds B.T. certificate for Marine Engineering. Appointed Ship and Engineer Surveyor to Lloyd's Register of Shipping, 1889. Andoe, Vice-Admiral Sir Hilary Gustavus, K.C.B. (cr. 1902), C.B. (b. February 14, 1841). Educated University College School. Entered Navy 1855 as Naval Cadet; promoted Lieutenant 1861; Commander 1872; Captain 1878; and Rear-Admiral 1894. Was principal Naval Transport officer during Boer War (1881). During the first Soudan expedition was Flag-Captain to Lord John Hay, Commander-in-Chief of the Fleet. In 1895 was appointed Admiral-Superintendent of Chatham Dockyard, and in 1900 promoted Vice-Admiral, and retired. Has been decorated with Japan medal and star, Soudan clasp, Queen's Jubilee medal and Royal Humane Society's medal. Andrada. Brazilian cruiser. (Bergen, 1892.) Length 252 ft. Beam 34 ft. Draught 18 ft. FLEET. Britannia. 2-12 pdr. 10-6 pdr. 17-1 pdr. Gross tonnage 130,000. Anchor Sailing Club, Deal. Established 1892. Burgee: Blue, with yellow foul anchor. Commodore, Richard Lyddon; Vice-Commodore, T. T. Denne; Honorary Treasurer, F. T. Honeyball; Honorary Secretary, John Sparke. Annual subscription, 10s. 6d. Ancient Mariner. Poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The suggestion of shooting the albatross came from Wordsworth. It was published in Lyrical Ballads " (1798). Anderson, Charles William, jun. (b. January 18, 1872). Served his apprenticeship with Messrs Craig, 4-4.7 in. Armour. 18 in. Belt amidships. 18 in. Redoubt. 18 in. Conning tower. ANDRÉE 1865 he introduced the vertical triple-compound engine in the Dutch Navy, and in 1894 the Yarrow Water Tube Boiler on a large scale. Member of the Institution of Naval Architects. Publications: Bijdrage Tot de Kennis van de Topedo's of Watermijney 1872; numerous papers published in the Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects. Andrée, Solomon August (1854-97). Swedish Aeronaut and Explorer. (b. Grenna.) After making several balloon journeys he decided to attempt to reach the North Pole in a balloon of novel design, and started July 11, 1897, from Danes Island (Spitzbergen) with two companions, Strindberg and Fraenkel, in a balloon of 5,000 cubic meters, with the hope of being drifted by the wind over the Pole. One carrier pigeon, apparently liberated 48 hours after the start, was shot, and several buoys were found which had been carried in the balloon, containing despatches dated July 11, but nothing further has been heard of the explorers, of whose fate there can be no doubt. Anemograph. A self-recording anemometer. Anemometer. An instrument for measuring and indicating the pressure or velocity of the wind. If currents of air were anything like uniform it would be comparatively simple to deduce the velocity from the pressure, but the variability is so great that the relation between the velocity and the pressure become almost unworkably complexed. There are two things absolutely essential to every anemometer. (1) A wind-vane, to show the changes of direction; (2) a wind-gauge, to show the changes in the velocity or of force. Anemometers may be either non-recording, as merely exhibiting the variation to the eye, or recording, marking them permanently on paper. The best known form is the Hermispherical Cup Anemometer, invented by Dr Robinson, which consists of four hermispherical cups which rotate horizontally with the wind, and a combination of wheels which record the number of revolutions in a given time. The Osler's Anemometer, one of the most trustworthy of the pressure-gauge description, traces with pencils, upon a sheet of paper, lines which indicate changes of the wind both in direction and in pressure. It consists of a plate usually about a square foot in area, which is kept facing the wind, and is by it driven back upon springs, whose resistance is the measure of the wind's force. The Royal Meteorological Society appointed a committee to consider the subject of wind-force; and an Anemometer, invented by W. H. Dines, has superseded its predecessors. Anemometry forms a most important feature in meteorological observations, and many important and remarkable results have appeared since the invention of the self-recording apparatus. Anemoscope. An instrument for recording the direction of the wind. Aneroid (Gr. non Liquid). Barometer invented by Vidi, Paris, 1843 (patented in England, 1844), consists of a metal box from which the air is exhausted, and a steel spring in the form of a double leaf. Its action depends on the effect produced by the pressure of the atmosphere on a circular metallic chamber, partially exhausted of air and hermetically sealed. The dial is graduated by comparison with a mercurial barometer, both instruments being placed under an air pump for the purpose. The vacuum chamber is made of two discs of corrugated German silver, soldered together, to which is attached a strong spring, which acts in opposition to the motion of the box. At the centre of the upper surface of the exhausted chamber, a lever of brass or iron is attached. The end of the lever is attached to a second or ANEROIDOGRAPH smaller lever, from which a chain extends to where it works on a drum attached to the axis of the hand, connected with a hair spring, regulating and changing the motion from vertical to horizontal, and regulating the hand. The spiral spring keeps the chain free from slackness while the pressure is diminishing, and when the pressure increases the lever pulls down the chain. As these instruments are graduated experimentally, and being liable to changes from elasticity of the brass chamber changing, or from changes in the system of levers which work the pointer, rusting, or alteration in the force of the springs, they require to be repeatedly compared with a mercurial barometer. See Whymper "How to use the Aneroid Barometer" (1891). Aneroidograph. A self-recording aneroid baro meter. Angamos, Battle of. Naval fight off Angamos Point (Chile), October 8, 1879, between Peruvian ironclad Huascar and Chilian ironclads Blanco Encalada and Almarante Cochrane, assisted by corvette Covadonga; after a battle of about one hour and a half the Peruvians were forced to surrender. 29 Angel Fish. Species of shark found in both the East and West Hemispheres. It reaches a length of five feet, and is viviparous. Angier, Lieut. Sir Theodore Vivian Samuel, K.T. 1904 (b. London, 1845). Educated Rossal School, Lancashire; King's College, London. Apprenticed in 1861 to Messrs. Davison, Son and Lindley, where he served his time. After a trip through Southern Europe he returned to London, and joined the firm of Messrs. S. H. Angier and Co. In 1869, owing to the death of his father, he was compelled to embark in business on his own account, and started the firm of Messrs. Angier Brothers, of which he is the head. Held a Commission in the Duke of Cambridge's Hussars (Middlesex Yeomanry). Director of several Insurance Associations; Vice-Chairman in 1883 and Chairman in 1884 of the General Shipping Owner's Society; Vice-President of Chamber of Shipping 1884; President 1885; Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society; served on the Load Line Committee 1898; served on Lloyd's Register Committee 1884-1889; contested Orkney Thelland as Unionist Candidate in 1902; Member of the original committee of the Tariff Reform League; Vice-President of Brighton and Hove Tariff Reform League. Travelled extensively over India, Ceylon, Australia, United States and Canada. Angle-Iron. Strips of iron, having edges turned up at an angle to each other, used for ribs and knees, in framing iron vessels. ANNAM Angler-Fish. A fish called also Sea Devil, Frog, or Frog Fish, and in Scotland, Wide-gab, signifying wide mouth. It has an enormous head, on which are placed two elongated appendages, or filaments, which, being movable, are manoeuvred as if they were bait, and when small fishes approach to examine them the Angler, hidden amid mud and sand, which it has stirred up by means of its ventral fins, seizes them. It occurs along the British coasts, and averages about three feet in length, but occasionally specimens are taken measuring as much as five feet. Angler's News and Sea Fisher's Journal. Established 1900. Published weekly (Saturday). Price Id. Address: 4 and 5 Gough Square, London, E.C. Anglesey Yacht Club, Royal. See Royal Anglesey Yacht Club. Anglia. Anchor Line steamer, capsized in river Hoogly, August 24, 1892; 12 lives lost. Angling. In modern English the practice of catching fish by means of a rod, line, hook and bait. The hook is rendered attractive to the fish by concealing it in a natural bait, or attaching to it a deceptive imitation of a fly. Among the best-known works on Angling may be mentioned Frances' book on Angling," 1885; Maxwell's "Salmon and Sea Trout," 1889; Duer's book on "The Dry Fly," 1897; Hardy's " The Salmon," 1893; " Fly Fishing," Sir E. Grey, 1899. Anglo-Saxon. Mail steamer, wrecked on a reef off Cape Race, Newfoundland, April 27, 1863; 237 lives lost. Anguille. French submarine. (Toulon, 1903.) Length, 77 ft.; beam, 7 ft.; draught, 8 ft.; displacement, 68 tons; complement, 5; Hp., 60 = 8 kts. Angular Measure. See Weights and Measures. Anker. An obsolete liquid measure of 8:2914 gallons. The Scots anker contained 20 Scots pints. The measure is still in use in Denmark, Russia and Germany. Annam. French subsidised merchant ship (1898). Messageries Maritimes (q.v.). Dimensions, |