ADMIRALTY

than the value of the res, it is only liable to the extent of that value, and if excessive bail is demanded the plaintiff will have to pay the costs and expenses incurred by the defendant in giving bail. Where the award exceeds the amount of bail the balance can be recovered in an action in personam, but where the amount of bail is less than the value of the res, the property is liable to rearrest.

Bail may be taken before the Admiralty Registrar, or before any District Registrar or Commissioner to administer oaths in the Supreme Court. In every case the sureties, who must not be partners, must justify. Refer to Restraint on Ship; Admiralty Action.

Admiralty Charts when issued by Messrs. J. D. Potter, 145 Minories, London, E., have received all necessary corrections to date of issue; when ordering, the number of the chart will be found in the lower right hand corner and this should be quoted.

Admiralty Court. See Admiralty High Court.

Admiralty Court of the Cinque Ports, The, exercises within its local bounds, a jurisdiction analogous to the inherent jurisdiction of the High Court of Admiralty. That is to say, it has power to deal with cases of torts committed on the high seas, suits for salvage, possession, hypothecation and seamen's wages. It also hears cases on appeal from the County Courts and from the Cinque Ports Salvage Commissioners. Its practice and procedure, except in so far as they are affected by the Cinque Ports Court of Admiralty Rules 1891, are similar to those of the High Court, and appeals lie to the Privy Council. The boundaries of its jurisdiction are from Red Cliff near Seaford to within 5 miles of Cape Grisnez in France, thence round the Overfall shoal, passing to the east of the Galloper Sand till its north end bears W.N.W. (true) from the Galloper, thence in a direct line across the Middle Thwart shoal to Maze Tower, and thence, following the course of the shore, to Shore Beacon in Essex.

Admiralty Division, The, is a division of the High Court of Justice established in its present form by the Judicature Acts, 1873 and 1875, and is governed by the Rules of the Supreme Court, 1883. The Bench is composed of two Judges, one of whom, as President of the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division, is a member of the Court of Appeal. For causes within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Admiralty Division see High Court of Admiralty. The Admiralty Division has the same powers of transfer and consolidation of actions as other divisions of the High Court, and has concurrent jurisdiction with the Inferior Courts of Admiralty, whose jurisdiction is limited by the amount of claim or value of the property against which it is to be enforced, or by local bounds. Refer to Admiralty Action; Admiralty Jurisdiction.

Admiralty Droits, once the perquisites of the Lord

High Admiral, now belong to the Sovereign in his office of Admiralty. They consist of all property, including ships, boats, cargoes, found derelict on the high seas, and of things flotsam, jetsam, and lagan, not granted to a subject, e.g., lords of manors. The jurisdiction as to all these things is now vested in the Admiralty Division. Unclaimed derelict property, subject to the salvor's reward, goes to the Crown, forming part of the casual revenues of the Crown, and is carried to the consolidated fund, but property found within territorial waters is dealt with by the Receiver of Wreck (q.v.) under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894.

Admiralty Flag, The. See Naval Ceremonies.

Admiralty, High Court of, was originally the Court of the Lord High Admiral. Its jurisdiction was twofold: (1) As a Prize Court it dealt with captures and seizures of vessels and goods in times of war. (2) As an Instance Court it had criminal jurisdiction over all offences committed on the high seas, not triable by the Common Law Courts, and, until 1866, administered discipline in the Navy. The exclusive civil jurisdiction of the Instance Court was at first limited to private injuries to private rights arising at sea, i.e., to contracts of a marine nature and to torts to property committed on the high seas or with the jurisdiction of Admiralty. By modern statutes its powers were extended to include salvage to life and property, bottomry, necessaries, supplies to foreign ships, possession of ships, collision or damage to persons or property, towage, wages, pilotage, disbursements by master, mortgage, title, ownership and management of ships, and, in 1861, concurrently with the Chancery Court, Limitation of Liability suits. In 1835 the criminal jurisdiction was transferred to the Central Criminal Court, and by the Judicature Acts, 1873 and 1875 the civil jurisdiction passed the Admiralty Division (q.v.) of the High Court.

Admiralty Jurisdiction is co-extensive with the general jurisdiction of the High Court, but reaches still further in that it extends over all British ships in all parts of the world, and has power to deal with all transactions of every description between British subjects and those of all other nations in relation to marine matters, mercantile or otherwise. Its jurisdiction extends over all offences committed on the high seas, whether triable at the Common Law Courts or not. At the present time this criminal jurisdiction is exercised by the Central Criminal Court, whereof the Judge of the Admiralty Court is a member; and all offences within the jurisdiction o Admiralty are triable within the county wherein the offender is arrested. Refer to Admiralty Action; Admiralty Division.

ADMIRALTY

Admiralty Light List. Published annually at the beginning of each year, and appendices are issued every two months, giving the alterations that have taken place.

Admiralty Registry. The Admiralty Court does not go into details in matters relating to the assessment of damages or matters of account, but refers them either to the Registrar alone, or to the Registrar assisted by merchants, who are appointed by him and have experience in shipping and mercantile affairs. The hearing of the reference is governed by Order 56 of the rules of the Supreme Court. Witnesses may be examined and evidence given by affidavit. At the close of the proceedings the Registrar makes his report, showing the items allowed and disallowed. Objections to the report are brought before the Court by petition in objection or by

motion.

Adria Royal Hungarian Sea Navigation Company, with their head offices at Fiume, have a fleet of excellent steamers engaged in passenger and cargo trade to Italy and the Mediterranean ports. Steamers sail regularly from Fiume and Trieste, to Venice, Bari, Messina, Catania, Malta, Tunis, Algiers, Gibraltar, Tangiers and Malaga. A steamer sails daily (Mondays excepted) from Malta to Syracuse. Steamers leave Fiume and Trieste regularly for Malta, Catania, Messina, Palermo, Naples, Genoa, Nice, Marseilles, Barcelona and Valencia,

Adriatic Sea (Adriaticum Mere of the Ancients) is that arm of the Mediterranean which separates Italy from Trieste, Croatia, Dalmatia and Albania. It extends from 40° to 45° 50' N. Lat. in a N.W. direction. Its greatest length is 460 m., its general breadth about 90 m., and its depth varies, at the south being as much as 860 fathoms, shoaling to 4 fathoms in shore and from 22 to 26 fathoms in the centre of the north part. The colour is green, darker than that of the Mediterranean, and its saltness is greater than the ocean. The ebb and flow of the tides are inconsiderable. A current runs up the E. and down the W. coasts. The prevalence of sudden squalls from the N.E. and S.E. renders its navigation, particularly for sailing vessels, hazardous, especially in winter. The chief industry is fishing, and the chief ports are Brindisi, Ancona and Venice; Trieste, Pola and Fiume; Corfu; Zante, Vostizza, Patras and Kalamata.

See "Highlands and Islands of the Adriatic," by A. A. Paton (1849); "Shores of the Adriatic," by Viscountess Strangford (1864); Faber's "Fisheries of the Adriatic" (1883.)

Act, 1891, according to the value of the subject matter of the particular instrument or writing, e.g., the stamp duty on Charter-Parties and Bills of Lading.

Advance. In 1853 Dr. Kane, with this little brig of 120 tons, undertook to lead an American expedition up Smith Sound. They were stopped by ice 78° 45′ N., only 17 miles from the entrance; and the vessel was subsequently abandoned. Refer to Arctic Exploration.

Advance Note is a document issued by a Shipowner or his agent, undertaking to pay to a seaman or his order a sum of money not exceeding one month's wages, within a certain number of days after he has sailed in the ship. This restriction as to the amount advanced does not apply to seamen engaged at a foreign port.

Save as aforesaid any agreement to pay money to, or on behalf of, a seaman conditionally on his going to sea from any port in the United Kingdom is void, and no money paid under any such agreement shall be deducted from wages. An Allotment Note is an agreement by which a seaman authorises a shipowner to pay over to his near relatives or a savings bank any part (not exceeding one-half) of his wages during his absence. Payment under such a note, which must be made in a form approved by the Board of Trade, shall begin at the expiration of one month, or, if the allotment is in favour of a savings bank, of three months, from the date of the agreement with the crew, or at such later date as may be fixed by the agreement.

Advances. These generally are expenses incurred in connection with a vessel putting into an interme diate port of refuge and there incurring certain ex penses which are usually paid by the ship's agent on behalf of all interests and are payable by cargo and freight in certain proportions on Adjustment. There is, therefore, an insurable interest to the payer of these expenses from the port of refuge to destination (Lowndes on the Law of Marine Insurance, s. 32). The expenses are usually insured as Average Dis

bursements."

A.E.

=

Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats registered at Emden, Germany.

Æ. Lloyd's classification for wood ships when carrying perishable goods on short voyages.

Egean Sea. The north-east part of the Mediterranean Sea now more commonly known as the Grecian Archipelago. Bounded on the north by Turkey, west by Greece and east by Asia Minor. Its waters are studded with islands and its shores greatly indented.

Ægean Steam Navigation Company, with the head offices at Constantinople, possess a fleet of 10 steamers which maintain a service to meet the passenger and cargo demands of the Mediterranean. A weekly service is maintained from Constantinople to Mitylene, Smyrna, Chios and Piræus; another service to Gythium, Calamae, Patrae, Corcyra, St Sarante, Aulona, and Trieste; another service to the Dardanelles, Thessalonica and Bulus; another service to Barna, Sulina, Toulsta, Galizium, and Balia; and four other services to local ports.

Twin screw. Hp. natural 7,000 18.5 kts., forced 9,000 = 20 kts. Coal maximum 535 tons.

Approximate cost £200,000.

This ship-name is associated with Elliot's defeat of Thurot, 1760; capture of Martinique, 1809; bombardment of Sveaborg, 1855.

Æran. Swedish coast defence (Gothenburg, 1902.)

battleship.

Hp. 6,500 17 kts. Coal maximum 1,900 tons.

Aeroclinoscope. A weather indicator by which the variation of the barometer and the direction of the wind may be signalled.

Aerolites (Gr. air-stones) are stone or metallic masses falling from the sky, known as fire-balls, falling or shooting stars, meteoric stones, thunderbolts, etc. Some of these meteors are almost entirely stone,

AEROSTATICS

others a mixture of stone and iron. In 1492 one fell at Ensisheim in Alsace, weighing 270 lbs. Gassendi, in 1627, saw one fall in Provence, which weighed 59 lbs. In 1620 one fell in the Punjab, and was forged into a sword for Jehangir, one of the Indian emperors. Probably the largest on record is that which fell in Brazil and is said to weigh over 6 tons. Aerolites often reach the earth in groups, or showers, as at L'Aigle in Normandy, 1803; at New Concord, Ohio, 1860; and at Dhurmsala, Punjab, 1860. The German physicist, Reichenbach, estimates that at least 4,500 aerolites of all sizes fall every year.

See Arogo's " Popular Astronomy "; Brit. Assoc. "Report on Meteors "; Fletcher's "An Introduction of the Study of Meteorites "; Bonney's "Story of our Planets "; Lockyer's "Meteoric Hypothesis " (1890).

Aerostatics. See Hydrostatics.

Aethrioscope. An instrument consisting of a differential thermometer, both bulbs contained in a cup-shaped mirror, and one of them in the focus, designed by Leslie in 1817, for the purpose of measuring changes of temperature. By this instrument, even slight variations of temperature due to changes in the condition of the sky can be estimated.

Affleck, Sir Edmund (1723-88). Admiral, British Navy. In command of the Bedford, which took a prominent part in the engagement off Cape St. Vincent (1780). For services rendered in the West Indies under Rodney (q.v.) and Hood (q.v.) (178284), he was created a baronet and promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral.

Affondatore. Obsolete Italian battleship. Of no fighting value; now used as torpedo depôt in harbour.

Affreightment is a contract for the carriage of goods by sea, expressed in a charter-party (q.v.) or bill of lading (q.v.) Apart from express exceptions in the contract, or statutory limitations (see Dangerous Goods: Limitation of Liability), a shipowner is under the same liabilities for the safe carriage of goods as a "common carrier”-i.e., he is responsible for loss or damage to goods in his charge, unless caused by an Act of God, the King's enemies, some inherent vice in the goods, improper packing, or jettison (q.v.); and only in these cases is he protected if he has taken reasonable care to avoid the danger, and if the ship is fitted to receive the goods and seaworthy, and has not improperly deviated from her usual course. The liability of a common carrier " commences as soon as goods are delivered to him or his agent, and ceases upon actual delivery to the consignee, or upon failure by the consignee to fetch the goods after notice of arrival. Where, however, a pilot is employed by compulsion of law and owing to his negligence a collision occurs whereby goods carried in the ship are damaged, the shipowner cannot be held liable. Words in such contracts are to be

understood in their plain, ordinary and popular sense unless they have generally, in respect to the subject matter, as by a known usage of trade, or the like, acquired a peculiar sense." The law applicable to contracts of affreightment, unless otherwise specified, is the law of the flag under which the ship sails.

Afloat. Supported by water. A term used for being on board ship.

Africa. British 1st class battleship. (Chatham, 1905.)

Length 453 ft. Beam 78 ft.
Displacement 16,350 tons.

Guns. 4-12 in. 4-9'2 in. 10-6 in. 14-12 pdr. 14-3 pdr.

2 Maxims.

Mean draught 26 ft.
Complement 777.

Armour. "Krupp."

9 in. Belt amidships.

12 in. Barbettes.

12 in. Conning tower.

Torpedo Tubes.

4 Submerged broadside.

Twin screw. mum 2,000 tons.

1 Submerged stern.

=

Hp. 18,000 18.5 kts. Coal maxi-
Approximate cost £1,500,000.

A ship of this name was with Hughes against De Suffren in the East Indies off Cuddalore, 1783; Nelson at Trafalgar, 1805.

African Steamship Company, now under the management of Messrs. Elder, Dempster and Co., was the earliest African Line and was founded in 1832. This company received its charter in 1852 with an annual subsidy of £30,000 for a monthly mail and passenger service, which it has maintained ever since. The pioneer boats of this company, the Forerunner, Faith, Hope and Charity, rendered valuable service during the Crimean War.

Steamers leave Liverpool regularly on the Opobo service for Teneriffe, Grand Canary, Goree, Dakar, Rufisque, Bathurst, Sierra Leone, Monrovia, Grand Bassa, Cape Palmas, Axim, Sekondi, Cape Coast Castle, Accra, Addah, Kotonou, Bonny, New Calabar, Bakana, Buguma, Degama, Abonema, Opobo, and Egwanga; on the Lagos Express Service for Grand Canary, Sierra Leone, Axim, Sekondi, Cape Coast Castle, Accra, Lagos Road, Forcados (for Lagos) and Burutu; on the South Coast Express Service for Sierra Leone, Axim, Sekondi, Cape Coast Castle, Accra, Lagos Roads, Forcados, Bonny, Calabar, Cameroons, St Thoma, Landana, Cabenda, Banana, San Antonio, Noqui, Boma, Maradi, Muculla, Ambrizette, Mussera, Kinsembo, Ambrixo Loanda (if inducement offers), Lobito Bay and Benguela, also to Fernando Po, Rio del Ray, Victoria, Plantation, Kribi, Batanga, Bata, Eloby, Ukaka, Botica, Baboon, Cape Lopez, Setta Camma, Nyanga, Mayumba, Quillo and Loango; on the Brass Service for Madeira, Teneriffe, Grand Colony, Conakry, Sierra Leone, Lahou, Grand Bassa,

AFRIDI

Assinee, Axim, Sekondi, Cape Colony, Saltpond, Accra, Lagos Roads, Brass, Akassa, Forcados, Warri, Benin and Sapele; and on the Windward Service for Teneriffe, La Palma, Sierra Leone, Sherbro, Cape Mount, Sinoe, Tabou, Drewin, Sassandra, Half Jack, Adda (Ivory Coast), Half Assinie, Bayin, Attuaboe, Axim, Dixcove, Adjuah, Sekondi, Chama, Elmina, Cape Colony, Anamboe, Mumford, Apam, Winnebah, Barracoe, Accra, Pram Pram, Quittah, Lome, Little Popo and Whydah.

Afridi. British ocean-going torpedo-boat destroyer. (Armstrong, 1905.) Length, 250 ft.; beam, 25 ft.; maximum draught, 7 ft.; displacement, 790 tons; complement, 60; armament, 3 12-pdr.,

2 tubes; Hp., 14,000 = 33 kts.; coal maximum, 180 tons.

Twin screw. Hp. 20,000 18.5 kts. Coal maximum 2,000 tons. Approximate cost £1,500,000.

This ship-name is associated with Rodney's victory, 1782; Toulon, 1793; Bastia, 1794; Calvey, 1794; Genoa, 1795; Hyères, 1795; Copenhagen, 1801; Calder's victory off Ferrol, 1805; Trafalgar, 1805; Sebastopol, 1854.

Agatha. Packet lost near Memel, April 7, 1808, when Lord Royston and many others were drowned.

Agency Havas. See Havas.

Agent. See Broker.

Agile. French sea-going destroyer. (La Seyne, 1889.) Length, 139 ft.; beam, 14 ft.; maximum draught, 7 ft.; displacement, 121 tons; complement, 6; armament, 3 3-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp., 1,100 = 26 kts.; coal, maximum, 35 tons.

Agincourt. British 1st class cruiser (10,690 tons, 12 kts). Launched 1868.

1902).

Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats

registered at Arbroath, Scotland.

Ahead. Immediately before the ship in the course steered.

Ahoy. See Ho.

Ahull. When a ship is under bare poles, driving by wind and sea, stern foremost.

A.I.

Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats registered at Akreyri, Iceland, Denmark.

A.I. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats registered at Juist, Germany.

Aide-de-Camp. A staff officer who carries and circulates the commanding officer's orders. In the Navy flag-lieutenant to an admiral, or in action the quarter-deck midshipman to a captain.

Aigrette. French sea-going submarine. (Toulon, 1903.) Length, 118 ft.; beam, 12 ft.; draught, 8 ft.; displacement, 172 tons; complement, 20; torpedo tubes, 1-177 in.; Hp., 200 10'5 kts. above water, 8 below.

Aiorone. Italian torpedo-boat. (Odero, 1906.) Length, 165 ft.; beam, 17 ft.; draught, 4 ft.; displacement, 200 tons; complement, 30; armament, 3 3-pdr., 3 tubes; twin screw; Hp., 3,000 = 25 kts. coal, 40 tons.

Air Bladder. One of the most characteristic organs of fishes; present in most, though not in all fish. It