Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy, and ComputationAlison Gopnik, Laura Schulz Understanding causal structure is a central task of human cognition. Causal learning underpins the development of our concepts and categories, our intuitive theories, and our capacities for planning, imagination and inference. During the last few years, there has been an interdisciplinary revolution in our understanding of learning and reasoning: Researchers in philosophy, psychology, and computation have discovered new mechanisms for learning the causal structure of the world. This new work provides a rigorous, formal basis for theory theories of concepts and cognitive development, and moreover, the causal learning mechanisms it has uncovered go dramatically beyond the traditional mechanisms of both nativist theories, such as modularity theories, and empiricist ones, such as association or connectionism. |
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Page vii
... PROBABILITY Introduction to Part II: Causation and Probability 117 Alison Gopnik and Laura Schulz 10 11 13 8 Teaching the Normative Theory of Causal Contents.
... PROBABILITY Introduction to Part II: Causation and Probability 117 Alison Gopnik and Laura Schulz 10 11 13 8 Teaching the Normative Theory of Causal Contents.
Page 3
... probability. The undergraduate students at Carnegie Tech, for example, who, although admittedly handicapped by an American secondary school education, are among the brightest and best but are quite hopeless at these computations. Anyone ...
... probability. The undergraduate students at Carnegie Tech, for example, who, although admittedly handicapped by an American secondary school education, are among the brightest and best but are quite hopeless at these computations. Anyone ...
Page 4
... probability conditional on some third variable Z if and only if p(x, y |z)p(x|z) * p(y |z). That is, for every value x, y, and z of X, Y, and Z the probability of x and y given z equals the probability of x given z multiplied by the ...
... probability conditional on some third variable Z if and only if p(x, y |z)p(x|z) * p(y |z). That is, for every value x, y, and z of X, Y, and Z the probability of x and y given z equals the probability of x given z multiplied by the ...
Page 5
... the probability of insomnia occurring is independent (in probability) of the probability of party going occurring conditional on the occurrence of wine drinking. If Graph 2 is right and parties are a common cause of wine and insomnia ...
... the probability of insomnia occurring is independent (in probability) of the probability of party going occurring conditional on the occurrence of wine drinking. If Graph 2 is right and parties are a common cause of wine and insomnia ...
Page 11
... The probability of the effect given the cue must be greater than the probability of the effect in the absence of the cue. The Rescorla-Wagner theory (R-W theory; 1972) specified that learning occurred on a trial-by-trial basis and ...
... The probability of the effect given the cue must be greater than the probability of the effect in the absence of the cue. The Rescorla-Wagner theory (R-W theory; 1972) specified that learning occurred on a trial-by-trial basis and ...
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Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy, and Computation Alison Gopnik,Laura Schulz Limited preview - 2007 |
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