Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy, and ComputationAlison Gopnik, Laura Schulz Understanding causal structure is a central task of human cognition. Causal learning underpins the development of our concepts and categories, our intuitive theories, and our capacities for planning, imagination and inference. During the last few years, there has been an interdisciplinary revolution in our understanding of learning and reasoning: Researchers in philosophy, psychology, and computation have discovered new mechanisms for learning the causal structure of the world. This new work provides a rigorous, formal basis for theory theories of concepts and cognitive development, and moreover, the causal learning mechanisms it has uncovered go dramatically beyond the traditional mechanisms of both nativist theories, such as modularity theories, and empiricist ones, such as association or connectionism. |
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Page 11
... the effect given the cue must be greater than the probability of the effect in the absence of the cue. The Rescorla-Wagner theory (R-W theory; 1972) specified that learning occurred on a trial-by-trial basis and predicted that early ...
... the effect given the cue must be greater than the probability of the effect in the absence of the cue. The Rescorla-Wagner theory (R-W theory; 1972) specified that learning occurred on a trial-by-trial basis and predicted that early ...
Page 12
... at first think. Your description of the different positions in the psychology of causal learning is indeed reminiscent of the classical positions in the philosophical literature –partly, I suppose, because historically 12 CAUSAL LEARNING.
... at first think. Your description of the different positions in the psychology of causal learning is indeed reminiscent of the classical positions in the philosophical literature –partly, I suppose, because historically 12 CAUSAL LEARNING.
Page 20
... in the philosophical literature to contrast so-called type causal claims that relate one type of event or factor to another (“Aspirin causes headache relief”) with token or singular causal claims that relate particular events (“Jones's ...
... in the philosophical literature to contrast so-called type causal claims that relate one type of event or factor to another (“Aspirin causes headache relief”) with token or singular causal claims that relate particular events (“Jones's ...
Page 21
... to be even prima facie plausible, then we need to impose restrictions on the sorts of changes in X that count as interventions or ideal manipulations. Consider a system in which A atmospheric pressure is a common cause of the reading B of a ...
... to be even prima facie plausible, then we need to impose restrictions on the sorts of changes in X that count as interventions or ideal manipulations. Consider a system in which A atmospheric pressure is a common cause of the reading B of a ...
Page 24
... In this connection, there is considerable evidence that, at least in simple cases, humans can learn causal Bayes nets from passive observations, interventions, and combinations of the two. Indeed, for at least some tasks the assumption ...
... In this connection, there is considerable evidence that, at least in simple cases, humans can learn causal Bayes nets from passive observations, interventions, and combinations of the two. Indeed, for at least some tasks the assumption ...
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Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy, and Computation Alison Gopnik,Laura Schulz Limited preview - 2007 |
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