Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture

abundance acid acid-sulfate soils aeration agricultural limestone Alabama alum Amer ammonia application aquaculture aquaculture ponds aquatic average bacteria bicarbonate blue-green algae brackishwater C. E. BOYD calcium carbon dioxide carp cation channel catfish channel catfish ponds chemical oxygen demand chlorine copper sulfate depth dissolved oxygen dissolved oxygen concentrations Effects equation feeding rates fertilized ponds fish ponds fish production Fish-Cult freshwater growth hydrogen sulfide hydroxide increase inorganic lime requirement liter macrophytes manure mg/liter nitrate nitrite nitrogen nutrients off-flavor organic matter oxidation oxygen demand P₂O paddle wheel aerators particles percent phosphate phosphorus photosynthesis phytoplankton plankton plants pond bottoms pond fertilization pond water potassium permanganate Proc pump reduced respiration result rotenone salinity sample Secchi disk sediment shrimp simazine sodium soluble species substances sunfish Swingle Tilapia tion total alkalinity total ammonia total hardness toxicity treatment Tucker turbidity values water exchange water quality water temperatures