The Muslim World: The age of the Caliphs

9th century Abbasid Abd al-Raḥmān Abū administration Aghlabids al-Dawlah al-Din al-Ma'mun al-Malik al-Mutawakkil Alid ancient Arab tribes Arabia Arabs aristocracy army Asia Minor attitude Baghdad battle became Beduin Berbers brother Buyids Byzantine Caliph centre Christian civilization conquest Crusade cultural Damascus death decades district doctrinal dynasty East Roman eastern Egypt empire faith Fățimid Fatimids fighting finally followers forces formed frontier hands Imām important influence inhabitants internal Iranian Islām Islamic Ismailite Jerusalem Jewish Jews Khārijites Khurāsān lands later Madinah Makkans Mesopotamia military movement Mu'awiyah Muḥammad murdered Muslim Muslim World Nile valley North Africa Palestine period Persian political population position princes Prophet province Qara-Khānids Qur'ān realm régime reign religion religious remained revelations rule ruler Saljuq Sāmānid Shi'ite social soon southern Mesopotamia Spain Spanish SPULER struggle successor Sunnite Syria territories theology took Transoxiana Turkish Turks Twelver Umar Umayyad wazir Western Zaydites Zoroastrian